Doğal gaz hatlarının dizayn esasları
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 66496
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. AHMET KORHAN BİNARK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Enerji, Energy
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 157
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada dünyada kullanımı sürekli artan, özellikleri bakımından diğer fosil yakıtlara oranla daha temiz, ucuz ve konforlu, taşımacılığı kolay, çevresel etkileri daha iyi, daha geniş kontrol imkanları sağlayan doğal gazın, toplama, iletim ve dağıtım hatları ile bu hatlar üzerinde bulunan ve bulunmasıyla fayda sağlanabilecek elemanlar ve donanımlar ele alınacaktır. Doğal gaz taşıma sistemlerinin dizaynında esas alınacak ve dikkat edilmesi gereken temel kriterler ve teknik ayrıntılar verilecektir. İkinci aşamada doğal gazan fiziksel ve termodinamik özellikleri ile ilgili olarak bir tarama yapılarak bu özelliklerin değişimi ve gazın davranışı irdelenecektir. Üçüncü aşamada, gaz taşımacılığının esasları oldukça geniş bir çerçevede ele alınarak, yapılan çeşitli çalışmalar belirtilecek ve bunlar arasında bir karşılaştırma yapılacaktır. Gaz boru hatlarının sıcaklık profili, eşdeğer çap ve uzunluk, bordama sistemleri vs konularda bilgi verilecektir. Yine gazın taşınması için kurulan kompresör istasyonlarının tipleri ve bunlarda gazın değişimi irdelenecektir. Bugün artık dünyanın her yerinde gaz dağıtım hatlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan ve öncelikle tercih edilen polietilen şebeke tekniğinin özellikleri tanıtılacaktır. Son olarakta, yüksek basınçlarda taşınan gazın kullanıcıya verilmesi için kurulan regülatör istasyonlarının ve regülatörlerin özellikleri tanıtılacak ve bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ve öneriler sunulacaktır. XIV
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Plentiful supply, moderate costs, environmental concerns, and national programs to reduce dependence on unstable oil supplies support an upward trend in the consumption of natural gas on a worldwide scale. In addition to the industrial and residential uses of natural gas, non-traditional markets for gas energy include use as a motor fuel for fleet and private vehicles, as a supply for gas fired co-generation and/or fuel cells, as a component of a gas-coal mix to allow coal to meet clean air requirements, as a raw material of producing some chemical matters (methanol, synthetic rubber, plastic, alcohol, photograph films, paint, dung, dynamite etc. ), and as a using of cooling fluid in cooling systems. The subject is too voluminous for all of it to be included here. So, it is treated some items. These: 1. Construction of pipeline and pipeline components, 2. Natural gas properties and thermodynamic behavior, 3. Gas hydraulic, 4. Compressors, 5. Regulating, ö.Polyethylene Technique. Planning and design, construction, operating and maintenance al have a part to play in ensuring that gas systems have long life. This is considered some of the points that have to be taken into account at each stage of project' life to safeguard the considerable investment in these assets. The need for accepting change and maximising use of up to date technologies is stressed and the need for liaison between designer, constructor and eventual operator. The use of standards and adherence to them at each stage is emphasized in ensuring that the asset is safeguarded. So, it is given important definitions that explain the pipeline components functions and properties, constructions limitation and standards and fluid mechanism etc. XVInterest in transported natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) requires that the physical, transport, and thermodynamic properties of methane, the principal constituent of natural gas, be readily available. It will present values most frequently used in process calculations and in other studies associated with the storage and processing of natural gas. So, initially it will be given the information about basic ideal gas laws and thermodynamic properties and behaviours during transporting and in the pressure compression and the expansion systems. Therefore, it is given basic equations and definitions about internal energy, enthalpy, special heat, entropy, the reversible-adiabatic condition changes, polytropic condition changes of ideal gases. After then, it is given some equation (Wan Der Wall, Benedict-Webb-Rubin, Peng- Robinson etc) that can be used under limited conditions for real gases. In this subject, finally, compressibility factor that is the most important property will be defined and explained. Natural gas basically consist of hydrocarbons, but there can be some gases not be hydrocarbon. Compressibility factor (Z) value is determined by using pseudo reduced pressure and pseudo reduced temperature for natural gases. But this factor is affected gases mat is not hydrocarbon. The physical properties of natural gas is an important factor on the natural gas application. These properties: Density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, gas gravity. Since the pseudocriticals of natural gases are a function of gas gravity (G), it follows that the density is a function of T,P, and G. A knowledge of the viscosity of hydrocarbon fluids is essential for a study of the dynamic or flow behavior of these fluids through pipes, porous media, or, more generally, wherever transport of momentum occurs in fluid motion. Thermal conductivity is the fundamental property of substances that governs the rate of transfer of heat by conduction. The principles of thermodynamics find wide application in correlating and predicting the properties of natural gas. For example, the effect of pressure on the enthalpy of a gas can be computed from pressure- volume-temperature data. Latent heats can be computed from the slopes of pressure curves. The properties of greatest interest are specific heats of gases, heats of vaporization, and the effects of pressure on the enthalpies of compressible fluids. Enthalpy -Entropy charts for natural gases XVIpermit prediction of temperature change when gases are expanding or when reversible work is done by compression. The system under consideration and its surrounding need to be identified. For example, natural gas flowing in a pipeline interfaces the surrounding at the pipe wall. Thermodynamics consider all forms of energy transfer between the system and the surroundings, usually as heat through a pipe wall or work energy at compressors. Most engineering is concerned with flow process, which are described as open systems. The forms of energy generally used in gas engineering are internal energy, heat energy, work energy and flow energy. Each form has an intensive factor, such as pressure (P) for expansion energy, and an extensive factor, such as volume (V). In preparing equations, one must select the forms of energy under consideration. A starting point is defining the internal energy ( U) of the fluid in the system or more properly, the changes in internal energy between state 1 and state 2: 2 2 AU =\Tds (heat, friction lost work) + J P(-dV) (expansion energy) 1 1 2 2 + J a ? dA (surface energy) + J jy,. dm, i = 1,...,n (chemical energy) + magnetic 1 1 + electrical etc. (1) In deriving the flow equation, two forms of energy not included in internal energy are required, the potential energy of position (elevation) and the kinetic energy of flow velocity. By assuming no accumulation or loss of material within the system, an energy balance may be written around the flowing fluid. 2 ( 2 "N Ut+m£- + Pirt+m-£-Z2- U^M^ + PK+m-S-Zı =Q + (~W) (2) 2gB * g« 2g< g.) xvuSteady state gas flow is governed by the same basic energy balance principles as liquid flow. However, implementation of these principles is more difficult because gas is more compressible fluid. The fluid properties are a function of pressure and, therefore, change with length. They also change with temperature; its prediction, therefore, is more critical than for a liquid. The equation used to interrelate capacity, diameter and pressure drop have evolved along with the growth in gas utilization. Early equations for low pressure gas in relatively small lines could be simple; the gas behaved very much like an ideal gas. As line pressures increased along with size more complex equation were required. Data were taken from test systems and correlated. This process has continued. The result is a plethora of equations that are used beyond the conditions for which they were developed. Thus, there is not universal gas equation that is superior under all conditions, for all gas. Those equations discussed here in are widely used but, as a later comparison shows, they can give widely variant results. Different organisations may use different equations. The choice is somewhat arbitrary and may not be critical. However, it is important to know the origin and limitations of any calculation method. That is one of the purposes of this chapter. The factors that influence the characteristics of gas flow in gathering and transmission lines, though numerous and complexly related, may be divided into three convenient classes: 1.) Properties of flowing gas are density, viscosity and compressibility factor, 2.) Properties of the containing conduit are diameter, length and wall roughness, 3.) Properties of the operating pipeline are operating pressure, operating temperature, gas velocity and elevation changes. Any equation expressing the flow behavior of gas would have to include the majority of these factors Whenever a gas has insufficient energy for transport, a compressor station must be used. The following types of compressor station are presently in general use: Field or gathering stations, repressurizing or recycling stations, storage field stations, distribution plant stations, and pipeline booster stations. A typical compressor station XVlllarrangement can be broken down into three systems: 1.) Main gas system 2.) Unit gas system 3.) Auxiliary gas system. Types of compressors are basically divided three group. These: 1.) Jet compressor 2.) Rotary type compressor 3.) Reciprocating Compressor. In this study, especially it is concerned reciprocating compressor type and centrifugal compressor type which is included by rotary compressor. It is very important to select the most suitable compressor type, and to know the function, properties and operation conditions. It is explained the changes of the thermodynamic values and properties as enthalpy, compression work, efficiency during compression at both compressor types. Pipes made from plastic materials were introduced in gas industry in many countries from 1950s. The reason for the use of plastic materials are to be found in both the development of new technologies for chemical synthesis and the change in supply from manufactured gas to methane from natural deposits. Polyethylene has gradually gained ground and is now the most widely used plastic for gas pipes. This change in supply has meant that enormous quantities of gas are available. Furthermore, the gas is inert to the plastic piping and can be transported long distances because it is compressible at high pressure. The aim of the polyethylene techniques to give a summary of present-day knowledge of polyethylene, of its chemical and physical properties and its behaviour in relation to the external environment. The another aim of this manual is to describes the use of polyethylene in gas network and the factors that have favoured its use, as well as the properties of materials and special components. On the network to reduce the pressure, a restriction device is placed in the pipe, so presenting hindrance to the normal flowing of the gas, this device aims at causing a pressure drop by limiting the number of gas molecules passing the restriction. Natural gas deposits or underground storages are usually remote from the places where gas is consumed. The gas must then be conveyed, for both technical XIXand economical reasons, at high pressure through a transmission system to consumption locations. Upon reaching these consumption locations, the pressure must be lowered to be made compatible: 1) with the regulations in effect concerning the value of this pressure in urban, semi-urban or open country areas. 2) with the correct operating of the utilisation appliances served with the network. The function of pressure reducer is precisely to lower the pressure of the gas to determined values and to regulate this pressure at these preset values as steadily as possible. The main features necessary for determining, as a function of the system it will supply, the appropriate type of regulator are determined by using pressure, diameters, nominal flow, flow range, response time and sensitivity, precision, shut-off overpressure and repetability. Regulators are classified in two group that are direct action regulators and pilot actuated regulators. In the type of direct action regulators, the downstream controlled pressure directly influences the opening or closing of the valve by acting on a diaphragm itself attached to the valve spindle. There types of direct action regulators; these: 1) Weight loaded regulator, 2) Spring loaded regulator, 3) Pneumatic loaded regulator (Gas cushion). In the type of pilot actuated regulator, the downstream pressure does not have a direct effect on the operating of the appliance. An auxiliary pressure, controlled by an amplifying device called the pilot, monitors the main diaphragm to open or close the regulating valve. XX
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