Kolza sap-samanının pirolizi
Pyrolysis of the straw and stalk of the rape plant
- Tez No: 66678
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. FİLİZ KARAOSMANOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 124
Özet
ÖZET Türkiye birincil enerji kaynak rezervleri çok sınırlıdır ve ülke enerji tüketiminin büyük bölümü dışalım ile karşılanmaktadır. Ülke mevcut enerji kaynaklarının en iyi şekilde kullanımım sağlama yanısıra, yeni enerji teknolojileri kullanımına da geçmek zorundadır. Yeni enerji teknolojileri içinde Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye için de önemli seçeneklerden biri biyokütledir. Biyokütle kaynaklarının enerji amaçlı değerlendirilme yöntemleri içinde ise piroliz pek çok olumlu yönü ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada kolza sap-samanı pirolizinin incelenmesi amaçlanarak; kolza sap-samanının ilkel madde özellikleri belirlenmiş, iki farklı ısıtma hızı İle değişen sıcaklıklarda piroliz gerçekleştirilerek, piroliz sıvı ve katı ürününün yakıt özellikleri saptanarak, bu ürünler alternatif yakıt adayları olarak sunulmuştur. ix
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY PYROLYSIS OF THE STRAW AND STALK OF THE RAPE PLANT The major alternatives to the conventional fossil fuels are renewable fuels. Renewables cover sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, wave, tidal and biomass. The theoretical potential of biomass sources is large, since photosynthesis produce organic matter with an energy content of about 3x1 0~21 J each year (1014 W year/year). This is about 10 times the present global commercial energy use and 200 times food energy consumption. Since the energy crisis of 1973, considerable interest has developed in the use of biomass to help meet the energy budget of the world. Biomass energy are destined to play an important role in the future energy systems of Turkey because of the great amount of energy imports from the other countries. Domestic coal, geothermal and hydro reserves of Turkey are approximately %1 of the world's total. However, oil and natural gas reserves of the country are very limited. In 1995, about -58.4% of the energy consumed was provided through imports. Turkey is facing several challenges such as increasing the energy production by using its natural resources, reducing the economical burden of energy imports, protect and improve the environment while enhancing the socio-economic development. Biomass, including wood, agricultural residues and animal wastes, has an important share in the primary energy production of Turkey. These fuels have been effectively used for heating and cooking purposes in the rural areas of the country. Turkey, whose energy production depends heavily on import fuels, has to explore the ways of increasing the use of biomass in energy production without destroying its valuable forest resources. One of the most promising options is the utilization of waste streams from forestry, agriculture and industry. It was estimated that 50-70 million tonnes of agricultural residues are produced in Turkey and 60% of this total can be recovered for energy production. Agricultural residues, with an annual recoverable potential of 30-40 million dry tonnes and a primary energy equivalent of 525-700 PJ, are an important renewable source that can replace all the lignite and coal used in electric power generating plants in Turkey. This potential is expected to grow with the implementation of new irrigation projects. Turkey's geographic and climatic conditions are suitable for growing energy crops which are another sustainable option for Turkey to improve the environmental quality by providing an alternative to fossil fuels. Sorghum, switchgrass, short-rotation woody crops and xhybrid poplar are among the high-productivity energy crops. Development and deployment of biofuels- technologies in Turkey can alleviate many of the environmental concerns of conventional fuels. Although Turkey has the potential to initiate a domestic biofuels program, this issue still remains unaddressed in the state development plans. All organic matter, or biomass, can in one way or another be used as fuel. It is composed mainly of carbohydrate compounds the building blocks of which are the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. All ultimately derive from the process of photosynthesis in plants, but may be in many forms, vegetable or animal biomass from which energy can be reclaimed can be harvested as grown crops or natural stands for energy supply, or as surpluses or wastes from crops grown primarily for food and manufacturing raw materials, and through municipal and industrial waste. All fossil fuels originated from biomass and one cannot help but be impressed by the major physical and chemical differences between these fuels and the original biomass from which they were derived. Present day reserves of coal, oil and natural gas have been subjected to extremely cost free processing operations through the combined action of climate and geological forces over enormous spans of time. Fresh biomass has serious disadvantages as a fuel compared with fossil fuels; the geoloical processing operations have been very effective in overcoming these. The disadvantages are:. that biofuels usually have only a modest thermal content compared with fossil fuels,. they often have a high moisture content, which has the effects of inhibiting ready combustion, causing major energy loss on combustion, mainly as latent heat of steam, and also rendering the material putrifiable so that it cannot be readily stored,. they usually have a low density and, in particular, a low bulk density, factors which increase the necessary size of equipment for handling, storage and burning,. the physical form is rarely homogenous and free flowing, which militates against automatic feeding to combustion plant. The geological conversion processes which formed fossil fuels have increased the thermal content per unit weight relative to fresh biomass, virtually eliminated the moisture content, very substantial! increased the density and bulk density and converted the material to fluid (as in the case of oil and gas) or a readily handled solid, as in the case of coal. By contrast, the thermal content for ash-free biomass is usually close to 20 GJ/t once it is fully dried. The advantages of biomass fuels, such as they are, are not connected with suitability in storage and use. One advantage is that they constitute a continually renewable resource whose use leads to no long-term increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Sometimes they may be cheap and readily available. Energy can be obtained from biomass through :. Direct combustion,. Physical process,. Conversion process. The simplest use of biomass is to burn it and the most common biomass used this way is wood, but corn stalks, dung and many other agricultural residues are also XIburnt on open fines for cooking, heating and other social purposes. Physical processes are:. Grinding,. Drying,. Filtration,. Extraction,. Briquetting. There are actually ony two principal classes of conversion processes, thermal and biological. Biological conversion processes are:. Biogas process,. Microbiological process,. Biophotolysis process,. Saccharification-Fermantation process. The major products of these processes are biogas, hydrogen and ethanol. The conversion processes are:. Gasification (air/oxygen/steam),. Liquefication,. Esterification,. Craking,. Thermal degradation,. Gasification,. Carbonization,. Pyrolysis. Liquid products may be thermochemically produced from biomass by several routes including pyrolysis, liquefaction, and indirect synthesis via gasification. All organic materials decompose upon heating. At temperatures above 200°C, biomass (HgnoceEulosic materials) thermally degrade to produce gases, liquids (tars), and solids (chars) as primary products. Depending on reaction parameters such as heating rate, final temperature, and residence time at temperature, as well as particle size, moisture or ash content, presence or absence of air or oxygen, and so on, these primary products can undergo secondary reactions affecting yields and qualities of the final products. At sufficiently high temperature, generally above 600°C, and in the presence of air or oxygen (conditions that are present in gasification processes), the primary tar and char products are further oxidized and broken down to yield a relatively clean, low calorific value fuel gas as essentially the only product. At lower temperatures, and under inert atmospheres (incomplete thermal degradation in other words), the extent to which the primary tar and char products can undergo secondary reactions are limited, under such conditions, they can be recovered as products. Pyrolysis is the most important process in thermal conversion processes. The production of liquid fuels from biomass can make use of two types of processes: xii1. Conventional pyrolysis processes, 2. Advanced pyrolysis processes,. vacuum pyrolysis process,. hydropyrolysis process,. pyrolysis processes with high heating rates,. fast pyrolysis,. flash pyrolysis,. ultra pyrolysis..Straw-stalk of rape sample investigated in this study has been collected from arable field in Çorlu-Thrace, the reduced organic materials is not uniformly distributed throughout the plant. Therefore, the sample was air dried and grinded in a Willey mill and then mixed throughly for uniform sampling. In the first part of the experimental study, the straw-stalk samples was characterized by elemental analysis, proximate analysis, summative analysis (alfa-cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and extractives) and electromicroscope (botany specialities) and thermo gravimetric behaviour of sample was studied at four heating rates (10, 20, 50 and 100°C/min) in nitrogen atmosphere using mermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the second part of the study, the rape's straw-stalk were pyrolysed. The pyrolysis experiments were performed in static atmosphere and conducted in a 316 stainless steel reactor. It has a 220 mm length and â diameter of 75 mm. Reactor is externally heated by an electric furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inside the reactor. The pyrolysis experiments performed in stainless reactor were carried out to determine the effect of the pyrolysis temperature and the heating rate on the samples. A portion of 30 g of air dried straw-stalk was placed in the reactor and the temperature was raised at either 10 or 30°C min"1 to final temperature of either 350, 450, 550, 650°C and held for either a minimum of 30 in or until no further significant release of gas was observed. The liquid phase was collected in glass liners located in cold traps maintianed at -18°C and -40°C. The liquid phase consisted of aqueous and for phases which were seperated and weighed. After pyrolysis the solid char was removed and weighed and also the weight of gas field was calculated by using its volume. The pyrolysis results show the product yields for pyrolysis of rape straw-stalk in relation to final temperature of pyrolysis at heating rates of 10°C/min and 30°C/min respectively. For the heating rate of 10°C/min the yield of conversion increased from 53.45% to 69.40%, while the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 350°C to 650°C, while the tar yield was 9.35% at pyrolysis temperature of 300°C, it appeared to go through a maximum of 17.51% at the final temperature of 650°C. For the heating rate of 30°C/min the yield of char decreased from 44.03% to 29.72% as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 350°C to 650°C. The tar yield is obtained at the level of 10-18% for the pyrolysis temperature range of 350-650°C. The overall conversion yields of pyrolysis at the heating rate of 30°C/min were 0.88% higher than that of the lower heating rate of 10°C/min due to the final pyrolysis temperature. Table 1 and 2 show properties of the tar and char (at 650°C). Tar and char have been presented as biofuel candidates. xiiiTable 1. The properties of tar. Table 2. The properties of char XIV
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