Murgul cevherlerinden nadir metallerin kazanılması
Recovery of race metals from. Murgul areas
- Tez No: 66683
- Danışmanlar: DR. VECİHİ GÜRHAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Cevher-Kömür Hazırlama ve Değerlendirme Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 84
Özet
ÖZET Bu tez kapsamında Murgul Damar açık ocak sahasından alman cevher numunesi içindeki nadir metallerin kazanılma olanakları araştırılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalara esas olan numune; % 0.72 Cu, % 1.25 Zn, % 0.28 Pb, % 4.81 Fe, 8.1 g/t Bi, 3.8 g/t Se, 8.4 g/t Te,12.6 g/t Sb, 18.7 g/t Ag içermektedir. Yapılan mineralojik çalışmalar, ana cevher rninerallerinin pirit, kalkopirit ve sfalerit olduğunu, ayrıca galen, kalkozin, kovelin, markazit, melnikovit, altait, tetradimit, vitiçenit, klaustalit, tetraedrit, tennantit, burnotit, ankerit, barit, kalsit ve kuvars minerallerinin de bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Numunenin boyut dağılım özellikleri belirlendikten sonra, cevher sarsıntılı masa ile önzenginleştirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Tamamı 1 mm altına indirilen cevher ile yapılan sarsıntılı masa ile zenginleştirme sonucunda, elde edilen masa konsantresinde Cu, Zn ve Pb toplam metal kazanma verimlerinin % 61 - 65 arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Girene göre ağırlıkça % 68' ini oluşturan masa artığında ise; Cu, Zn ve Pb toplam metal kayıplarının % 20 - 26 oranında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Flotasyon deneylerinde tamamı 1 mm aranda; % 2.54 Cu, % 4.10 Zn ve % 0.91 Pb içeren sarsıntılı masa konsantresi kullanılmıştır. Masa konsantresinin 20 dakika öğütülmesi ile flotasyon için gerekli tane serbestleşmesine ulaşıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, liç deneylerinde kullanılacak malzeme miktarını arttırmak amacıyla sarsıntılı masa artığı ile şlamda toplu sülfür flotasyonuna tabi tutularak metal kazanma verimleri arttırılmıştır. Yapılan flotasyon deneyleri sonucunda % 20.25 Cu içeren satılabilir bir bafar konsantresi elde edilmiş, % 0.044 Cu içerikli temiz bir arak atılmıştır. Diğer flotasyon ürünlerinin birleştirilmesi ile elde edilen ürünün % 4.20 Cu,% 6.96 Zn, % 1.44 Pb, 48.5 g/t Bi, 42.90 g/t Te, 7.2 g/t Se, 108. 1 g/t Ag,0.4 g/t Ge, 57.2 g/t Sb içerdiği tespit edilmiş ve bu ürün kimyasal zenginleştirme kullanılmıştır. Ferrik kloriir ile yapılan çözündürme deneylerinde Fe+3 ve HC1 konsantrasyonunun metal çözünme verimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Optimum çözündürme koşullan 37.5 g/l Fe+3, 20 g/l HC1, 1/10 Katı / Sıvı oram, 90 °C ve 8 saat olarak bulunmuştur. Bu koşullarda Cu % 22.9, Zn % 87.1, Pb % 95.4, Bi % 84.4, Se % 98.8, Te % 71.9, Ag % 73.7 çözünme verimleri ile kazanılabileceği anlaşılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY RECOVERY OF RARE METALS FROM MURGUL ORES Rare metal industries have increasingly gained importance as new technologies develop all over the world. Selenium is a rare element that constitutes only 0.000009 percent of the earth crust. It occurs mainly in sulfide minerals of copper and lead and in rare minerals such as berzalianite(Cu2Se) and clausthalite(PbSe). The anode sludges obtained from the electrolytic refining of copper are the principal commercial source of selenium. The selenium is recovered from the sludges by roasting them with soda or sulfuric acid Major uses of selenium include the photocopying process of xerography and use as a pigment in plastics, paints, glass, ceramics, and inks. The use of selenium in rectifiers has declined with increased use of silicon and germanium for this purpose. Selenium is used as a metallurgical additive to improve the machinability of certain steels. In the glass and ceramics industries it yields ruby glass and colored glazes, while in minute amounts it also serves as a glass decolorizer. Various different selenium compounds are used in vulcanizing rubber, improving the corrosion resistance of chromium and aluminum, and preparing pigments, lubricants and pharmaceuticals. Minor uses include application as a nutritional additive for numerous animal species, use in photographic toning, metal - finishing operations, metal plating, and a high tempatature lubricants, as catalytic agents, particularly in the isomerization of certain petroleum products. Biologically, selenium is a trace mineral required by many lives' forms, including humans. The properties of tellurium are similar to those of selenium. It makes up approximately 10"9 % of the earth's crust. It is more often as the tellurides sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2, nagyagite (Ag,Pb)2(Te,S,Sb)3, hessite (Ag2Te), tetradymite (Bİ2Te3 S), altaite (PbTe), coloradoite (HgTe), and other silver gold tellurides. Like selenium, there are not known deposits of tellurium. The most important commercial sources of unrefined tellurium are anode slimes obtained from electrolytic refining of copper. Significant quantities of this element arerecovered from sludge formed in sulfuric acid production and from the electrostatic precipitator dusts accumulated during the processing of certain heavy metals. Tellurium is used primarily as an additive to steel to increase its ductility, as a brightener in electroplating baths, as an additive to catalysts for the cracking of petroleum, as a coloring material for glasses, and as an additive to lead to increase its strength and corrosion resistance. The bismuth is one of the important rare metals and is estimated that the earth's crust contains about 0.00002 %. It occurs in nature as the free metal in ores and such as sulfide, bismuthinite and as the oxide, bismite The principle deposits are in South America. Bismuth occurs as a minor constituent in number of lead, copper and tin ores. The principle source of bismuth is a by product in the refining of copper and lead ores. Much of the world production of bismuth comes from the production of lead. The main use of bismuth is in the manufacture of low-melting alloys, many of them melting bellow 100 °C. Bismuth is also added to molten iron, steels, and aluminum alloy to produce casting and forgings that can be machined more readily. The very low toxicity of ordinary bismuth salts permits their use in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. An important new application is the use of the complex salt bismuth phosphomolybdate as an industrial catalyst in the synthesis of acrylonitrile, an intermediate product in the manufacture of acrylic fibers and various plastic products The trioxide is used in the manufacture of glass and ceramic products. It is well known that rare metals exist in sulphidic ores, concentrates, flue dusts and tailings. Earlier studies showed the presence of rare metals (Te, Se, Bi, Ge, Re, In) in Murgul ores and concentrates. Experimental works cover sampling, determination of their physical and chemical properties, preconcentration, concentration and chloride leaching studies. The aim of this study is to determine, the preconcentration and recovery of rare metals from Murgul-Damar region sulphidic copper ores benefaction. The ore sample which was taken from Murgul-Damar open pit mine used in the experimental work, assayed as 0.72 % Cu, 0.28 % Pb, 1.25 % Zn, 8.4 g/t Te, 3.8 g/t Se, 8. 1 g/t Bi, 12.8 g/t Sb, 0.3 g/t Ge, 354.2 g/t As and 18.7 g/t Ag contents. The ore sample was crushed under 1 mm by using laboratory jaw, cone and roll crushers by controlling of a 1 mm screen. Minus 1 mm samples wereground at various grinding times and particle size distributions were determined by screen analysis. Mineralogical examinations of Murgul sulphidic copper ores showed that pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite were the main minerals with small amounts of galena, melnikovite, tetrahedrite, wittcherite, tennantite, altaite, bournotite, barite, calcite and quartz. In the preconcentration experiments, the ore crushed under 1 mm was used. Ore was sized two parts ( -1 + 0.5 and - 0.5 mm ) by screening from 0.5 mm sieve size. After desliming, ore was feed to laboratory type Wifley shaking table. Concentrates and tailings obtained from -1 + 0.5 mm and - 0.5 mm sized ores are combined. As a result of shaking table concantrate containing 2.54 % Cu, 4. 10 % Zn, 0.91 % Pb, 17.9 g/t Bi, 10.6 g/t Se, 13.2 g/t Te, and a tailing containing 0.23 % Cu, 0.45 % Zn, 0.08 % Pb, 5 g/t Bi, 2.1 g/t Se, 6.3 g/t Te, were obtained. The flotation experiments were performed to determine concentration possibilities. The flotation experiments were carried out with the sample ground for 20 minutes to be under 150 fim the amount of 90 percent, in size. Laboratory scale Denver type flotation cell with mechanical string and aerotion was used in the flotation tests. In the experimental studies, Aerophine 3418 A for the selective sulphidic copper flotation and potassium amil xantat for the other sulphidic minerals were used as collectors and Dowfroth 250 as a frother. CUSO4 as an activator and Z11SO4 as a depressant for sphalerite were used the reagents used in the flotation tests. Basically selective flotation studies were conducted in all tests, to produce copper concentrate including rare and precious metals. The stage flotation consists of two stages. In the first stage, the copper circuit was performed at the 11.5 pH with Aerophine 3418 A and Dowfroth 250. Rougher copper concentrates were cleaned twice to improve the grade of copper concentrates and a concentrate with 20.25 % Cu content was obtained. In the second stage, were performed at the 3.5 pH with potassium xantate as a collector and Dowfroth 250 as a frother and C11SO4 as an activator. The flotation tests were carried out at the pH of 11.5 stabilized with the addition of CaO (Lime) and pH 3.5 of stabilized with the addition of sulfuric acid. Tailing of the shaking table and slimes were the feed of the sulphidic bulk flotation to increase the recoveries of base and rare metals. The combined middlings and sulfur concentrates except copper concentrate are leached with ferric chloride to recover base and rare metals. This complex sulfidic(chalcophrite-sphamerite-galena-pyrite) concentrate contains 4.20 % Cu, 1.44 % Pb, 6.96 % Zn, 48.5 g/t Bi, 7.2 g/t Se, 42.9 g/t Te, 0.4 g/t Ge, 108. 1 g/t Ag, 57.2 g/t Sb and 173 1.5 g/t As. Ferric chloride leaching experiments were carried out with the complex sulfidic flotation concentrate. The temperature, solid/liquid ratio and leaching time determined in the previous studies on Murgul-Darnar region copper ore was used. In the leaching experiments, the effects of ferric ion and HC1 concentrations on the metal leaching recoveries were investigated. Changing ferric chloride concentration showed almost no effect on the leaching recoveries of Pb and Bi but Zn and Se recoveries started to decrease had As. sharply after 37.5 g/1 Fe concentration. Increasing Fe concentration increasing effect on laeching recoveries of Cu, Fe, Te, Ag, Sb and Optimum Fe3+ concentration was found 37.5 g/1. Leaching recoveries of Pb, Zn, Cu and Fe were not affected by increasing HC1 concentration. Optimum HC1 concentration was found 20 g/1. As a result of investigation on leaching experiments, optimum leaching conditions were found as: Fe+3 Concentration HC1 Concentration Leaching Temprature Leaching Time Solid/Liquid Ratio 37.5 g/1 20 g/1 85 ±5 °C 8 hours 1/10 Following leaching recoveries were observed in the experiments run at the optimum leaching conditions : As a contusion of this study, the distributions of base metals together with rare and precious metals and the possibilities of their recoveries with ferric chloride leaching were shown..milMetals dissolved during the ferric chloride leaching could be recovered from laechates by applications of sementation, solvent extraction, ion exchange and electrolysis processes.
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