Mevcut binalarda güneş enerjisinden yararlanmak için iyileştirme önerileri
The Improving suggest for using solar energy in existing buildings
- Tez No: 66787
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ZERRİN YILMAZ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Yapı Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 142
Özet
ÖZET Geleneksel enerji kaynaklarının azlığı ve pahalı oluşu, tüm dikkatleri daha çok sınırsız çevre enerjisine dolayısıyla güneş enerjisine çektiği kuşkusuzdur. Güneş enerjisi kendini yenileyebilir, ekonomik ve çevreye zarar vermeyen bir enerji kaynağıdır. Fakat buna rağmen güneş enerjisinden binada ısıtmada faydalanmanın bugün için yeterli olmadığı ve sadece yardımcı bir enerji kaynağı olarak nitelendirildiği söylenebilir. Güneş enerjisinden yararlanmak için binalarda kullanılabilecek sistemler araştırılmadan önce ikinci bölümde enerji kullanımını ve korunumunu zorunlu kılan etmenler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise güneş enerjisi ile ilgili temel kavramlara yer verilmiştir. Güneş ışınımı değişimini etkileyen etmenler, güneş ışınımı ve bileşenleri, ısısal etkisi ve ısı geçişi gibi konulara değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, binalarda ısıtma amacıyla güneş enerjisinden yararlanma yollarından bahsedilmiştir. Bunun için iki yaklaşım kullanılmıştır. Birincisi, iklimsel parametrelerden yola çıkarak bina bileşeninde oluşturabilinecek yapısal değişiklikler ile oluşturulan pasif sistemler, ikincisi ise sadece güneş enerjisini toplamak amacıyla tasarlanmış koEektörlerin ve buna bağlı mekanik bileşenlerin kullanıldığı aktif sistemlerdir. Beşinci bölümde ise, dördüncü bölümde anlatılan güneş enerjisinden yararlanmaya yönelik sistem uygulamalarının mevcut binalarda kullanılma şekilleri ve buna bağlı iyileştirme önerileri anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca yüklenici ve kullanıcı açısından güneş enerjisinden yararlanmada ve korunmada alınabilecek en yaygın tedbirlere yer verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, binalarda güneş enerjisinden yararlanmak için kullanılan pasif ve aktif sistemlerin yeni yapılmakta veya mevcut binalarda uygulanamayışının nedenleri anlatılmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak da güneş enerjisinden yararlanmak için Türkiye' de yapılması önerilen çalışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. Yedinci bölümde ise, mevcut binalarda güneş enerjisinden yararlanmak için kullanılan iyileştirme çabalarına örnek bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Bunun için mevcut bir konut örneğinin güneye bakan dış cephe duvarının mevcut ve iyileştirme yapılmış hallerinde ısısal performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçta, güneş enerjisinden yararlanmada kullanılan pasif ve aktif sistemlerin mevcut ve yeni yapılmakta olan binalarda uygulanması ve bu amaçla gerekli teşvik ve yatırımların devlet tarafından desteklenmesi gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE IMPROVING SUGGESTS FOR USING SOLAR ENERGY IN EXISTING BUILDINGS Living in the late 1990's, people are forced to find new energy resources due to the decease in the amount of the present energy resources. Being renewable and economic and unharmfulness to the environment are the properties for the new energy resources. Thus, solar energy has emerged as an alternative resource. Thesis is consisting eight main sections which are about using solar energy in the buildings. Section 1 This is the introduction section. In this section is the problem being putting forward and the approach to the problem is determined. Section 2 Due to the traditional energy resources' high cost and scarcity are the factors which have made it a must to present the factors related to the use of energy and energy conservation. The most important factor of all these is the need for climatic comfort. Comfort can be identified as the condition in which a person can adapt himself to his environment by using minimum energy and as the psychological mood he is feeling in peace. Provided that person's comfort is achieved, his physiological, physical and intellectual performance will be at maximum level. Conditions for comfort function as following:. Determining climatic comfort standards for internal environment,. Being comfortable from the point of view of climate and vision, and design criteria for settling sites,. From the climatic comfort, visual comfort and consumption of energy in the buildings and residences. Related to this, needs for climatic comfort are:. Air temperature,. Surface temperature, XI. Humidity,. Air movement As the conditions of comfort conditions, the values of these elements are valid to an extent. Combinations of climatic comfort conditions identify optimal climatic situation. These combinations are;. Providing physiological reactions to be at optimal values for individual's (user's) health,. Providing the individual to be satisfied with his environment emotionally,. Climatic combinations in which individual's performance is maximized. Factors which make the conservation of energy a compulsion are environmental factors and design parameters of the artificial environment. Physical factors are;. Solar radiation,. External air temperature,. External humidity,. Wind. Design parameters of the artificial environment;. Place,. Direction,. Space between the buildings,. Form of the building,. The optical and thermophysical properties of building surface. Section 3 In this part, importance of the use of solar energy among the other types of energy and factors effecting the change in the solar radiation. That the traditional energy resources' high cost and scarcity make it necessary to use solar energy is an unquestionable fact. We can say that today using only solar energy in the building for heating is not adequate and that this kind of a solution is regarded as a second energy resource by decreasing the consumption of the other energy resources and thus by making it possible to have a saving in tne building. The benefits of solar energy can be stated as the following;. It is an inexhaustible energy resource,. It is a pure energy. It has no harmful elements in it like; gas, dust, carbon or sulfur.. It can be used by all the countries in the world at the same time. Thus there will be no country dependent on the other just because of energy resource.. It is a continuously used resource so that there will be no cost for resource apart from the cost for the plant,. It is decentralized which means it needs no transportation. However there will be differences between the places where solar radiation reaches more and the xiiplaces where solar radiation reaches less. It can also be used at the top of the mountains and valleys,. It is out of any kind of crises. For instance, this energy resource will not be affected by the change in defense strategies done by the countries due to the critical period in the transportation nets,. It does not require any complex technology. Almost all the countries can have this energy resource by means of local industrial institutions. In spite of all these, solar energy is not benefited enough in our country. We can only use this energy type for hot water. In deed the amount of consumable energy resources in our country is very limited. Astronomic and geometric factors (distance and the angles between the earth and the sun), geographical factors (latitudes, longitudes, height), physical factors (conductivity of the air, thickness of the ozone layer, dustiness), meteorological factors play important roles in the change in total of short wave solar radiation which affects a region in the world. Solar radiation has 3 different components on the earth: direct, common and global radiation. Thermal transfer of the solar radiation on the earth is done by conduction (heat transfer), convection (heat transportation), and radiation (heat radiation). Section 4 There we see two approaches in the systems used to benefit form the solar energy related to the previous parts. First one is the passive system which is a natural heating system by means of structural changes. The second one is active system to which collectors and mechanic components are attached in order to collect solar energy. If solar energy is taken in by means of transparent walls directly, then this is called directly gained passive system; if it is taken is after some series of structural changes and if some heat collectors without thermal barriers are used, then this is called indirectly gained passive system. Indirectly gained passive systems are divided in to six parts according to their physical structures. These are;. Trombe-Michel walls. Water walls. Roof walls,. Greenhouse (winter gardens). Thermosyphon walls,. Pebble stores under installation xuiWithin this part are explained types of indirectly gained passive systems, then- use, advantage and disadvantages and examples from both Turkey and then world. Generally, passive systems are explained more in Section 4; however, basic operation principles and equipment of active systems are discussed shortly as well. Section 5 In this part the question whether these active and passive systems can be used at present buildings besides new buildings or not will be discussed. It is hundred percent true that the use of active and passive systems will bring both architectural and structural change in order to use solar energy. Reforming advises in order to benefit from solar energy at new residences better can be provided by means of active and passive systems and structural changes which are part of these systems. These can be the choice of right glass type, material and colour. Thus benefiting from solar energy at these residences is examined from two different aspects. First of these is the adaptation of what is told in Section 4 under indirectly gained passive system. Generally, when we think to apply any passive system to a building, we come across many problems. Structural difficulties and financial trouble it will cause for the contractor or for the user are the most important ones. Each passive system has been examined one by one, and the most advantageous use of greenhouse has emerged as a result of examples and common use. And as the second one; precautions which can be taken by either user or the contractor at the external surface clearances (windows) and their state of fullness. These are - when external surface clearances are examined - choosing the right types of joinery and glass, shadowing elements to place on the external surface; and when they are full, the choice of appropriate colour and material for the external surface. Section 6 There we see some difficulties in the application of the systems for solar energy both newly built and present residences. Because of that reason, the number of these applications is less both in Turkey and in the world. In this part we will see the studies being carried out in Turkey in order to benefit from solar energy. At the first step, the reasons for the application of these systems in Turkey are explained. These are, lack of consciousness in the public, lack of attention by the designers, economical factors, lack of state support and local regulations and warped urbanization. xivAt the second step, the measurements which will be taken by Turkey in order to benefit from the solar energy. And these can be classified in this form; measurements in the regulations, economical precautions, increasing the demand by increasing the number of examples and incitements, and precautions to be taken during designing and application. Section 7 In this part, we will see an example for the efforts to make the application of solar energy better. In Section 5, passive systems at present residences were discussed. In this part, the results will be seen when the application of Trombe walls is carried out for a residence. For this application, a block has been chosen from Istanbul Ataköy Collective Residence. A calculation has been made for the wall of an apartment who is facing the south. Two different situations are noticed in January on that wall facing the south. One is the normal state, and the latter is the state in which a surface made of glass is placed. Heat - humidity program is used to determine the performance of both states. At the end of the calculations, it has been noticed that the performance of the second state is better in terms of internal and external temperature and benefits from the solar energy better than the first state. Section 8 In this result section, as we can understand from all these, solar energy is at the top among the alternative energy resumes at the time of energy crises we are suffering from. Ways of benefiting from solar energy should be sought for both newly built and present residences and choose the right system. xv
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