Çerçeveler ve perdelerden oluşan çok katlı yapıların yatay yüklere göre hesabı için uygulanan yöntemlerin araştırılması

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

Tez No: 66812
Yazar: CENK BİBİOĞLU
Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ERTAÇ ERGÜVEN
Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1997
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: İnşaat Ana Bilim Dalı
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 146

Özet

ÖZET: Yüksek binalar inşaat mühendisliği yönünden en üst kat döşemesinin zeminden yüksekliği 20-40 m' den fazla olduğu yapılardır. Yüksek yapıların boyutlandırılmasında artan yükseklik nedeniyle düşey yüklere göre yatay yüklerin daha etkili olduğu gözönüne alınmalıdır. Düşey yüklerin sisteme etkimesi ani değil belirli bir zaman içinde gerçekleşir. Yükleme ve bu yüklemenin değeri belirli bir zaman içinde meydana geldiği için, taşıyıcı sistemde kusurlar ortaya çıktığı zaman hemen yük boşaltılarak tedbir alma yoluna gidilebilir. Rüzgar ve özellikle deprem yükleri ise, çok kısa zamanda etkirler ve dinamik özellik gösterirler. Daha önce herhangi bir yatay etki altında kalmayan taşıyıcı sistem kısa bir zaman önemli bir yatay etki ile zorlanır. Taşıyıcı sistemdeki kusurlar çok kısa bir zamanda ortaya çıktığı için herhangi bir tedbir almak ve yüklemeye etkili olmak mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle çok katlı yapılarda rüzgar ve depremden meydana gelen etkilerin tayini için kullanılan statik veya dinamik hesap metodlarının uygulanmasında, sistemin yatay yüklere göre hesabı önemli bir yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada çerçeve ve perdelerden oluşan çok katlı yapıların yatay yüklere göre hesabı için daha önce uygulanan yöntemler incelenmiştir. Bu yöntemlerde, lineer elastik malzemeden yapılmış, kat döşemeleri düzlemleri içinde sonsuz rijit olan ve burulma yapmayan çok katlı yapıların yatay yüklere göre hesabı konusu incelenmiştir. Daha sonra yine aynı kabullere dayanan fakat burulma yapan çerçeve ve perdelerden oluşan çok katlı yapıların hesabı konusu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada çerçeve ve perde sistemleri ve depreme dayanıklı yapı tasannu hakkında özet bilgiler verilmiştir. vın

Özet (Çeviri)

ABSTRACT High buildings, from the aspect of civil engineering, are the structures whose last storey's floor is 20-40 m above the ground. During the dimensioning process of high buildings, because of the increasing height, the effectiveness of the lateral loads over the vertical loads should be taken into consideration. The action of vertical loads on the system is not sudden, on the contrary it takes a certain period of time. Since the loading and the value of loading takes place in a certain period of time, quick unloading can be a precaution when the carrier system shows defects. Wind and especially earthquake loads act in a short time interval and show dynamic properties. Carrier system, which hasn't been exposed to any lateral load before, is forced by a considerable amount of lateral impact. Owing to the fact that the defects in the carrier system arise in a short period of time, taking any precaution or affecting the loading is not possible. Therefore, in multi-storey structures, during the application of either static or dynamic analysing methods which are used in the evaluation of the effects of wind and earthquake, the lateral analysis of the system gains great importance. In this study, the methods for the analysis of multi-storey structures composed of frames and walls, which are subjected to lateral loads are examined. The analysis methods for the evaluation of the effects of wind and earthquake, on the structure, can be divided into two major types. The first type of these methods are the dynamic methods which are used for the determination of the effects of earthquake depending on time or directly their maximums. The second type methods are the ones which converts the dynamic problem to static problem by appointing fictitious static forces to the maximum effects arising from wind IXand earthquake. During the determination of these fictitious forces, the methods using the structure's first period are called half-dynamic methods, while the ones which don't use are called static methods. In order to cover the practical demands of structural engineering, unless the structure is not a very important or a special type, the second type of methods are sufficient not only for their simplicity but also for their health. Therefore they take part in almost all of the regulations. During the application of either the first type or the second type of methods, the longest and the most tiring part appears during the lateral load analysis. Thus, for the lateral load analysis, beside the exact methods that needs long calculations, several approximate methods, which varies due to the carrier systems, are developed. In the first part, the analysis of multi-storey structures subjected to lateral loads is considered. During this part, it is assumed that the material is linear elastic, the floors are infinitely rigid in their planes and the structure is not subjected to torsion, the approximate methods and a method of successive approximations, which are used for the analysis of frames due to lateral loads and based on the distribution of shear forces among columns, are reviewed. The application of a formerly developed force method, used in the analysis of a structure composed of frames and walls, and its basic principals, are explained. In this method, the unknowns (The number of unknowns is equal to the number of storeys.) are obtained by the solution of a Clapeyron type equation system. An approximate method is developed for the analysis of the structures composed of walls with openings. In this method, the system is converted to an equivalent system composed of frames and walls. This operation is achieved by replacing the beams in the wall openings with fictitious frames. And the final fictitious system is analysed by using the force method explained.An approximate method is presented for the analysis of structures composed of frames, walls, and walls with openings. In this part, first, the procedure of part 1.3 is applied in order to convert the system composed of walls with openings and connected walls to an equivalent one composed of without openings and fictitious frames. This equivalent system obtained is, then, analysed by using the force method g.In the third part, the lateral analysis of multi-storey structures which are made of linear elastic materials, whose floors are infinitely rigid in their planes, and which are exposed to torsion effects, is examined. In the third part, 'Decoupling of Equations of Equilibrium in Lateral Load Analysis of Multi-storey Buildings' is examined. In addition, the application of this study on the multi-storey structures which are exposed to torsion is performed by the solution of the numerical example given in the end of this part, and the results are compared. In the fourth part, a brief information about 'Earthquake Resistant Structure Design' is given. In the earthquake resistant structure designs, below principles are considered: 1. In frequently confronted earth movements, both carrier and non-carrier parts of the structure must not suffer any damage. 2. In medium frequently confronted medium intensity earthquakes, to reduce the damage experienced by the non-carrier parts to minimum and to assure that the carrier parts suffer no damage. 3. In exceptional earthquakes, whose possibility to occur once or twice in the economical life of the structure, although the carrier and non-carrier parts suffer damage, the structure should not collapse and life lost should not be present. In order to supply security against the earthquake, first, careful design of the carrier system is important. The behavior of the carrier system considered in the analysis and the behavior of the one exposed to earthquake are close to each other in a good design. The needless increase of the section affects of carrier members due to the torsion arising XIfrom departing from symmetry, and all kinds of discontinuities should be avoided. This kind of design may not always satisfy architectural demands. But it must be recalled that, by obtaining symmetry and regularity, and by avoiding certain discontinuities in mass, geometry, rigidity and durability, great economy can be obtained. Transmission of loads to the ground in short ways is important as it is in vertical loads. It is possible to limit the repairs after the earthquake by arranging the strengths of structure members with little difference relative to one another. For example, in order to prevent the sudden collapse of the system, it is suitable to arrange the beams weaker than the columns so that the first plastic joints are obtained in the beams. The durability of the structural members is necessary for the durability of the carrier system, moreover, the appropriate design of the connection parts of the members is important for the appearance of the supposed durability of the members. Dissolutions and big rotations in these parts can cause the collapses without important forces in the system elements. During the securing against earthquake, good design of the carrier system is more important than the analysis of the system. Thus, it is suitable to pay attention to the points below in the design process: a) Geometry: The results of observations show that the durability of the structure against earthquake increases as the simplicity of the design increases. It is possible to explain this fact by considering several reasons. Making of simple and regular structures are easy, so the possibility of making mistake during the building process is low. It is easier to predict the behavior of this kind of structures against earthquake and analyze them. Although the effect of torsion arising in the process of modeling complex and irregular structures could be taken into consideration, not to permit the arising of an additional force is more logical in all aspects than considering it. Because of similar reasons, the structure is designed to have symmetry in two directions in the plan. Thus the behavior obtained from the analysis and the one under earthquake effect becomes close to each other. H, L; T, and Y shaped buildings in the mplan, suffered important damage during the earthquakes came into existence. Since the stairs and the elevators arranged pull the rigidity center away from the symmetry center, they produce additional torsion. This means that, the symmetry should be obtained not only at the figure in the plan but also at the details in the carrier system. Most of the time, architectural needs make the symmetric arrangement of the building impossible. In this situation, the separation of the building to simple parts can be a solution. In the plan, long structures are exposed to change in ground properties and ground collapses more than short structures. Especially, long structures having singular foundations are more sensitive to ground effects. Behavior of the system can be made more suitable by continuous foundations. Also in the vertical section, sudden diminish of the dimensions of the structure in the plan should be avoided. Sudden changes in the plans of buildings can cause the existence of great forces during the earthquake at those parts. b) Continuity: In the carrier systems, it is important to arrange the members in the plan and in the vertical regular and continuous. The regular distribution of columns and beams, in the plan, prevents the extreme forcing of certain regions of the system. All of the columns and walls, from foundation to the roof, should be continuous and exterior centered supports should be avoided. c) Rigidity: Besides continuity of members, it should be endeavored to avoid sudden changes in their rigidity. d) Earthquake Walls: Earthquake walls give rigidity and strength to the structure. They should be uniformly arranged in both directions. A floor or a lateral frame having enough rigidity should be arranged between two earthquake walls. This floor or frame will provide the passing of the lateral earthquake load and working together. Mile) Subjoined Parts: A special attention should be paid to subjoined parts, because the dynamic characteristics of these parts are different from the principle parts. The connection points of main and subjoin parts are exposed to great forces during the earthquake. It is observed that the parts like fire walls, chimneys, connection corridors in wooden structures, which are lighter than the main parts, are overturned or squashed under the effects of earthquakes. Additional parts on the roof are exposed to big forces because of the resonance situation or nearly resonance situation arising from the closeness of the special periods of these parts with the period of the principle structure. f) DuctilMy: The structure should absorb the energy given by the earthquake without suffering important damage. Therefore, structural materials should be ductile and they must be used suitably in the structure. Ductile structure can show great deformations before failure. A big problem arises here, the structure should protect its stability after those deformations. Thus, in high structures, earthquake walls are used with hyperstatic reinforced concrete or steel ductile frames. These walls provide the desired rigidity. In this kind of systems, when the rigid members are in the threshold of collapsing, ductile members take over the job and prevent the collapse of the structure. XIV

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