Toplu konutlardaki yüksek konut bina uygulamalarında psiko sosyal gereksinmeler açısından kullanıcı memnuniyetinin irdelenmesi

A study about the user's appeciation from the point of view of psycho-social necessities at the high housing buildings in the collective housing areas

Tez No: 66834
Yazar: BETÜL ARMAĞAN
Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ERSİN EMİROĞLU
Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1997
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 100

Özet

TÜRKÇE ÖZET Bu çalışmada ; düzenlenmiş bir fiziksel çevreye sahip olan toplu konut alanlarında, yüksek konut bina kullanıcıların psiko sosyal gereksinmeleri açısından memnuniyeti irdelenmiştir. Burada sorun yüksek konut binalarının gerekli veya gereksizliğini tartışmak değildir. Öncelikle ; dış ülkelerde ve Türkiye 'deki toplu konutların ortaya çıkış sebepleri ve tarihsel gelişiminden bahsedilmiştir. Özellikle ülkemizde, toplu konut yapımı son yıllarda hız kazanmıştır. Ülkemizde toplu konut üretimi Emlak Bankası, Toplu Konut İdaresi, Belediyelerin desteğiyle, Konut Kooperatifleri Birlikleri ve Özel İnşaat Firmalarınca yapılmaktadır. Toplu konut yerleşmelerinde, yüksek konut bina uygulamaları, teknolojik, politik ve ekonomik nedenlerden dolayı bir çözüm olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu yüzden toplu konutlarda, yüksek konut binalarına sıkça rastlamaktayız. Yüksek konut binalarına dış ülkelerden ve ülkemizden örnekler verilmiştir. Ele alacağımız konu kullanıcı memnuniyeti olduğu için ; kullanıcı gereksinmeleri, fiziksel ve psiko sosyal gereksinmeler olmak üzere 2 ayrı grupta açıklanmıştır. Bu gereksinmelerin mimari tasarımdaki yeri ve önemi vurgulanmıştır. Fakat mevcut yüksek konut binaların çoğu, fiziksel gereksinmelere cevap verirken, psiko sosyal gereksinmeleri karşılayamadığı gözlenmiştir. Kullanıcıların psiko sosyal gereksinmeleri ; mahremiyet, kişisel mekan, egemenlik sının ve görsel tatmin kavranılan ışığı altında irdelenmiştir. İstanbul 'da bazı toplu konut yerleşmelerinde ki yüksek konut bina kullanıcılarına daha önceden yapılmış olan anket çalışmalarından alman sonuçlar verilmiştir. Bunların sonucunda ; mahremiyet, kişisel mekan, egemenlik sının ve görsel tatmin kavranılan ışığında, yüksek konut bina tasarımında kullanıcılann memnuniyetini sağlayabilmek için bir takım ölçüt ve kriterler ortaya çıkmıştır. ıx

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY In this study, the appreciation of the user's of high housing buildings in the collective housing areas which has an organised physical environment from the point of view of psycho-social necessities, has been examined. First of all, the historical development of the collective housing settlements in the foreign countries and in our country has been discussed. Collective housing is the building of today's houses in groups and in multiple numbers necessiated by the ever changing social, economical and technological conditions. It has appeared in the world for the first time after the Second World War due to the much need for housing which has arisen by that time. The class of workers has grown by the industrial reforms. The collective housing has been considered as a way of solution for satisfying the housing need of the class of workers. The technological developments and the changes in the life styles of people have fastened the construction of collective housing. In Turkey, Bahçelievler which is a cooperative of state officers consisting of high-level bureaucrats is the first collective housing venture in a serious sense as a solution for the housing problem faced in Ankara after being the capital. Later, collective housing has wide spread and been appreciated. We can mention the reasons of appropriation of the collective housing as in priority the satisfaction of housing need, and in addition being more cost-effective compared to individual building, such settlements having a good physical environment planned in advance, and thus satisfaction of physical and social needs of many people. The history of collective housing in our country goes as far back as the Ottoman Empire. Some collective housing have been built at that era. In the period of 1923-1945, the first venture is the application of Bahçelievler Collective housing as we mentioned above. Immigration from rural areas to the city has increased after the Second World War. Unauthorized construction has appeared and wide spread fastly. At such period, some legal arrangements and measures have been considered. Similarly at this period, the District of Namık Kemal in Ankara and many housing for state officers in the eastern provinces have been built. Emlak Bankası has been established in the period of 1945-1960. This Bank has realized many collective housing applications such as the District of Levent, Koşuyolu etc. in Istanbul. We see a shift to the periods of planning after 1960. The first Five-years Development Plan has been prepared for the period of 1963-1968. Five more five- years development plan have been prepared for the successive years. Suchdevelopment plans have determined the principles, measures, policies and targets for the subjects of urbanization and housing. The laws of Collective Housing have been made and the Collective Housing Fund has been organized so as to encourage the construction of houses. Emlak Bankası, Collective Housing Office, Associations of Housing Cooperative, Private Companies and Municipalities have realized the production of collective housing in the widest sense in our Country. Emlak Bankası both have realized the applications of collective housing by itself and offered credits for the ones who wish to build houses. We can mention Ataşehir, Ataköy, Mimaroba, Bahçeşehir etc. in Istanbul, Bilkent, Konutkent etc. in Ankara, Mavişehir, Gaziemir etc. in İzmir as some applications realized by this Bank in recent years. Figures 2.1-2.46 show some examples of such applications. Collective Housing Office has opened some new settlement areas in large cities of high demand for housing so as to satisfy the need of housing and has got built houses at such areas and marketed them. The first examples of such efforts are Ankara, Eryaman and Istanbul, Halkalı Housing. (Figure 2.5- 2.6) The Municipalities have started collective housing projects at their own regions or have been played a role of leading and supporting efforts for the realization of the applications by uniting the housing cooperatives already established under one association. We can mention the Egekent and Evka 1,2,3, project in Izmir as examples of such applications (Figures 2.7.-2.9) Some Housing Cooperatives have established some associations and ventured in the construction of collective housing. We can mention the Batikent Project of Kent-Koop and Halkalı Project of the Association of Marmara Region Housing Cooperatives as the examples of such activities (Figures 2.10-2.12) Private Construction Firms have also ventured in the field of collective housing construction. Mesa Mesken Sanayi AŞ. has realized the construction of the blocks of 3500 houses in Ankara, Kastel İnşaat has realized the District of Tercüman, Soyak İnşaat has realized the Blocks of Göztepe-Soyak and Koza İnşaat has realized the luxurious housing blocks in İstanbul-Bahçelievler (Figures 2.13-2.15) In the 3rd Section, the historical development of high housing buildings and the latest applications of such in our Country have been discussed. The most important reasons for arising of high housing buildings in the foreign countries and in our Country are as follows: Reduction of existing lots, rise in the prices of lots, increase of the technological facilities. Besides that, the urbanization activities that have arisen in the 20th Century and also the observations of the leading architects of the modern architecture trend in the 20th Century about the high housing buildings have affected the appropriation and fast development of the high housing buildings. Especially, Vertical Garden City is an understanding that supports the high housing buildings. The most famous defendant has been Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier has realized many collective housing consisting of high housing buildings that support this concept after 1920 (Figure 3.1-3.4). We can mention Unite d' Habitation as an example of this. Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Lois Kahn, Kenzo Tange who are the leading architects of the 20th Century also believed in the necessity of high housing buildings for creating modern cities. High housing buildings had the chance of being useful in solving the housing problem in the 20th Century by the help of such positive considerations (Figure 3.5-3.9). XIEspecially, high housing buildings have been used densely for the applications of reconstruction of cities and collective housing after the Second World War. However, in the following years, it has been observed that psychological stresses and sociological problems increase as a result of increase in the density of high housing. This subject has been scientifically studied. Multi-floor housing in our Country has first been constructed in Galata and Beyoğlu by the end of 19th Century. However, in the period of the beginning of Republic, first single houses with gardens and a few number of apartment buildings have been constructed. Similarly, we can show the“Ceylan Apartmanı”and“Üçler Apartmanı”constructed in this period as the examples of such buildings (Figure 3.10-3.12). After the Second World War, the scarcity of houses that can not be satisfied with single houses as the result of encouragement of collective housing construction, cultural changes in the form of families and technological developments, has been satisfied with the construction of high housing buildings. Currently, this is frequently applied in the collective housing settlements (Figures 3.13-3.20). In the 4th Section, the user's needs are studied in two separate groups as the physical and psycho-social needs. All environmental and social conditions that assist in the continuation of the life of people without further physiological, social and psychological disturbances and assist in people for being effective in their activities, make up the needs of people. The most wide-spread listing of the needs of people is the Maslow model. On the other hand, the user's needs are what they expect from the space where they live. In other words, they are the minimum level of conditions that has to be satisfied for the users. It is necessary to provide the conditions of comfort needed to satisfy the users, so that we can talk about the appreciation of the users of the house where they live. Consequently, it is the architect's duty to provide such. However, the architect should cooperate with the users, psychologists and sociologists during architectural design. Such cooperation will create positive results. We collect the needs of users in two groups as physical and psycho-social needs. Physical needs are separated as the space needs, thermic needs, audio needs, visual needs, health and hygienic needs and security needs. There is a need for a physical environment that has been created suitable for the antropometric, sensual and perception dimensions of the human so that the users act comfortably. In other words, the physical environmental conditions have to be provided. Psycho - social needs are the conditions necessary so that the user does not feel a psychological discomfort while realizing its activity in the existing medium. These needs are the need for secrecy, behaviour needs, aesthetic needs and social needs. Many problems arise due to the non-fulfillment of these needs in the high housing buildings. This subject has been the subject of many studies in the foreign countries. In the 5th Section, appreciation has been studied from the point of view of psycho - social needs. The house should not only satisfy the physical needs of people, but also should satisfy the psycho - social needs. There has been many studies about the dissatisfaction of the users from the multi - floor houses. As the result of such studies, it is observed that there are some negative reactions against the high housing Xllbuildings. One of the most important such negative reactions is the Pruitt- Igoe housing complex in St. Louis - Missouri that was crashed down in 1972. These housings were 40 blocks of 1 1 floors each. In time, the users have abandoned the buildings and the buildings have been a junkyard. The researches connect the unsatisfactory status of the blocks to the economical, social, psychological and design effect. Recently, construction of multi-floor housing building in our Country has fastly grown. Since most of them are towards the middle and low-income families and the cost of housing should be low, they have been blocks of concrete far from the expectance and preference of the users. The housing superior in quality to the others become towards the higher level group of people. The psychological stresses and sociological problems increase day by day in line with the increase in density of the high housing buildings. From this point, the necessity for the important relations between the physical environmental design and psycho - social factors, rises up. The appearance of the psycho - social needs of the users that is reflected to the space is the concepts such as secrecy, personal space, limit of sovereignty and visual satisfaction. The necessary psycho-social conditions should be provided in the high housing buildings in line with such concepts. Secrecy is the pre-requisite of the social interaction, the freedom of being alone makes up one dimension of the interaction and secrecy determines the limiting rules that arrange the social relations between people. 3 types of secrecy behavior appear at the level of social relations, such as : ? public secrecy : the provisional secrecy between the foreigners, ? social secrecy : secrecy between the family and the close social environment, ? personal secrecy: secrecy between the spouses and the children. We are interested in the social and public secrecy level since we are going to evaluate the high housing building users in the collective housing areas. It is an important aspect that optimum secrecy level should be achieved during design of houses. We are faced with secrecy in the housing settlements as the housing level, the housing block level, visual and audio secrecy level among the neighbors. We are going to deal with the second. During some questionary studies previously carried out in some collective housing areas in Istanbul, the ideas of the users about the visual and audio secrecy have been obtained. According to the results of such questionary, the users have pointed out the necessity to well organize the distance between the housing blocks, that the balconies should not be adjacent to each other or there should be a parapet between the balconies. They have talked about unsatisfactory audio secrecy in other words insufficient noise control, insufficient insulation. In that case, people have complained that secrecy can not be achieved in their own houses and pointed out that they fees as if living in a large crowd. The people start acting anti-social way in case sufficient secrecy can not be achieved. The personal area is the area created by the person itself which is the area surrounding the body and the person carries this area together with it to wherever it goes. E.T. Hall is one of the pioneers who discussed about the concept of personal area. Mr.Hall has explained that there are 4 types of distance about the relations among people from the nearest to the farest and described the spaces created such: Xlllintimate distance: 0-46cm, personal distance: 46-122cm, social distance: 122-366cm, public distance: over 366cm (Figure 5.2). Social and public distance of such distances play a great role during the design of high housing buildings. Similarly, according to the results of the questionnaires, we observe that the relations among the neighbors are gradually getting weaker. The reason for that is families of different styles live close to each other. The sovereignty limit is a piece of special space where people feel about ownership, determined by the effectively limits of the person or the groups. The sovereignty limits are considered in 3 groups of primary, secondary and general. They are primary regions are bedrooms etc., secondary regions are clubs and social facilities etc. and general regions are tables in the restaurant etc. These limits should be stressed during design of high housing building. Otherwise, people feel unsafe and start acting dominant to people around. In the studies in this field, the results have shown that semi-public and private areas should be defined by real or symbolic partitions. As a result of this, the opportunities of being social, getting introduced and knowing each other get faster. The sufficiency or insufficiency of the common spaces affects the social interaction positively or negatively. According to the results of the questionnaires, the insufficiency of the common spaces outside the house where the social interaction may develop, has been pointed out. The users have replied that they mostly need the social facilities and the sports facilities. They have explained the weak neighbor relations due to the insufficiency of these. It is necessary that social facilities that satisfy the social and psychological needs should be planned and applied together with the high housing buildings. On the other hand, the concept of visual satisfaction is a concept that has appeared by the person's observations and evaluation of its own visual quality. The concept of visual satisfaction is a type of perception judgment. Some common values can be created based on this judgment. These values explain the concept of visual satisfaction. The objective characteristics of the physical environment are evaluated differently by the users. Scale of semantic difference has been developed to determine the visual satisfaction values of the users in the high housing buildings. In this scale, concept of visual satisfaction has been expressed as the pairs of adjectives of spaciousness, suitability, variety in unity, specification / prestige and environmental image. In the studies of questionnaire, the users have evaluated the visual effect factor on the scale of semantic difference consisting of these pairs of adjectives (Table 5.5-5.6). According to the results of this study, the users have pointed out the interrelation of the blocks and the form characteristics extremely affects the spaciousness. Similarly, the same users have qualified the close - by environment as monotone. In other words, they have pointed out that they wish variety in unity. They have explained that they wish to have surprising spaces such as channels, inner gardens and squares and an existing medium in the physical environment they live. These types of perception evaluations and judgments are the values that might enlighten the design. In the conclusion section of this study, the results obtained have been offered and the suggestions and criterias that might be a data for the future studies have been determined. XIV

Benzer Tezler

Tez No
328440
Tünel kalıp konut uygulamalarında kullanıcı konforunun irdelenmesi: İzmir örneği
Examination of user comfort in tunnel formwork housing areas: Izmir as a case study
DİLEK TEZGELEN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2012
Mimarlık Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
Mimarlık Bölümü
YRD. DOÇ. DR. ÖZGÜL Y. KARAMAN
Tez No
350579
Bir Toki konut örneğinde ısıtma ve soğutma enerji yüklerinin farklı iklim bölgelerine bağlı olarak değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of heating and cooling energy loads for different climate regions in the example of Toki housing
BAŞAR ÜNSAL
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2012
Enerji İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Mimarlık Bölümü
PROF. DR. GÜL KOÇLAR ORAL
Tez No
513045
Toplu konut yerleşimlerindeki açık alanlarda rüzgarın kullanıcı konforuna etkisinin analizi ve değerlendirilmesi
Analysis and evaluation of the wind effect on user comfort in mass housing open areasanalysis and evaluation of the wind effect on user comfort in mass housing open areas
ÖZGE ŞABANOĞLU
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2018
Mimarlık İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Bilişim Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. GÜLEN ÇAĞDAŞ
Tez No
307122
Sürdürülebilir konutlar için bir değerlendirme sistemi önerisi
An evaluation system proposal for sustainable houses
ZÖHRE DOĞAN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2012
Mimarlık Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi
Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
YRD. DOÇ. BERRİN ŞAHİN DİRİ
Tez No
330684
Toplu konutlarda yaş gruplarına göre kullanıcı memnuniyetinin incelenmesi: Konya-Bosna Hersek mahallesi örneği
An investigation of user satisfaction in housing estates in terms of age groups: Case of Konya-Bosna Hersek district
MERVE HARMAN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2013
Mimarlık Gazi Üniversitesi
Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
YRD. DOÇ. DR. M. TAYFUN YILDIRIM

Geri Dön