Bir demir çelik işletmesinde verimlilik oranlarının ölçülmesi
Assessment of productivity ratios in an iron and steel enterprise
- Tez No: 68903
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. SITKI GÖZLÜ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İşletme, Business Administration
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: İşletme Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 107
Özet
ÖZET Verimlilik, üretimden elde edilen ile üretim sırasında harcanan üretim faktörleri arasındaki oran olarak belirtilebilir. Verimlilik artışı ya üretim sırasında harcanan üretim faktörlerinin miktarım sabit tutarak üretimden elde edilenlerin miktarım arttırmak, yahut üretimden elde edilenlerin miktarım sabit tutarak üretim sırasında harcanan üretim faktörlerinin miktarım azaltmakla mümkün olacaktır. Görüldüğü üzere, verimliliğin artması için sabit üretim miktarının artmış olması kafi gelmektedir. Üretim miktarındaki artış ile birlikte üretim sırasında harcanan üretim faktörlerinin miktarındaki değişme de önemlidir. Ulusal Refah artışında verimliliğin ne kadar önemli olduğu artık tüm dünyada kabul edilmektedir. Toplum için, dolayısıyla bireylerin refah düzeylerinin artması, yeni kaynakların yaratılmasına, kıt kaynakların ise etkin ve verimli kullanılmasına bağlıdır. Gerçekten verimlilik artışı gerek çalışan, gerekse işveren ve ülkemiz açısından çok önemli. Çalışan için daha fazla ücret artışı, iş güvenliği, yeni istihdamlar, işveren açısından daha düşük maliyet, daha fazla ve kaliteli ürün rekabet olanağı sağlar ülke açısından milli kaynakların tasarruflu kullanımı ve enflasyon üzerinde düşürücü etkisi vardır. Bu çalışmada, 1993-1996 yıllan arasında Işdemir İşletmesinde meydana gelen verimlilik değişmeleri dikkate alınarak genel bir değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ele alman dönemde verimlilik türleri; işgücü, hammadde ve enerji, fiziksel ve toplam verimlilik parasal cinsinden ölçülerek Işdemir işletmesinin ekonomik gelişmeye yaptığı katkı ve verimlilikle ilgili sorunları belirlenerek çözüm Önerileri getirilmiştir. Hesaplanan verimlilik oranlanmn bir anlam taşıması için bunlar belli zaman periyotiarındaki oranlarla kıyaslanmıştır. işletmenin verimlilik düzeyindeki değişmeler kısmi ve toplam endekslerle ve grafiklerle ortaya konulmuştur. Esas işletme üniteleri ele alınmış, üretim ve verimlilik yöntemi ile ilgili çok sayıda iyileştirme çalışmasının yapılması gerektiği gözlenmiştir., işletmede verimlilik düzeylerinde sağlanan gelişmelerin yetersiz kaldığı ve girdi serfiyatının çok fazla olduğu görülmüştür. İşletmede üretim problemleri nedeniyle kapasite değerlerinin altında çalışmakta bundan dolayıda enerji ve malzeme serfiyatı aşın olmaktadır. Özetlersek esas üretim ünitelerinde işgücü verimliliğini düşüren faktörler; Kalifiye işgücü noksanlığı, işçilerin eğitim düzeylerinin düşük ve yaşlı olmalan, çalışma şartlarının istenilen düzeyde olmaması, ücret ve teşvik sistemlerindeki yetersizliktir. Işdemir' de farklı dönemlere ait değerlerin karşüaştınlmasıyla verimlilik düzeylerinde bir iyileşme sağlandığı görülsede, henüz bu tür işletmeler için ön görülen bir iyileşme sağlandığı görülsede, henüz bu tür işletmeler için öngörülen seviyelere ulaşılamamıştır. ıx
Özet (Çeviri)
Production may be considered as a process of transformation of inputs, like raw materials, labour, energy, fixed expenses, etc. to outputs (products). Productivity is a measure of performance of this transformation. The term productivity is often confused with the term production. Many people think that the greater the production, the greater productivity. This is not true. When productivity in production is defined as output values being more than input values, by conscious expence of inputs, it would be possible to obtain more or the same amount of output by using less input or by using the same amount of input and obtaining more output Economic development can be defined as efficient usage of limited sources bettering the production and usage of sources for more productive areas and it could be reached by increasing the productivity. Productivity is important for each sector as for the whole economy. It can be witnessed that, in most companies the degree of importance dedicated to productivity is remarkable. Profitability, however can be raised by reflecting the input price growth on output prices respectively or may be higher. Pricing advantage although generally definated by market conditions, must be considered as a rather short term glory compared to contributions achieved by means of increasing the productivity. Meanwhile a mathematical model based on prices and physical quantities of inputs and outputs as data analyzing only mathematical relationships pertaining to the evaluated and chosen base periods in order to reveal performance serving out the ability to monitor changes in performance. In the analyses carried out physical and monetary quantities effects on profitability are differenciated handled separately from each other and handled separately. The importance of productivity increasing national welfare is now undeniable. In fact, the increase in gross national income depends on the more effective usage of scarce resources. In other words, when productivity is improved, national income grow faster than input factors. It is not just wrong to emphasize that the way of the efficient and optimal use of resources is the development of information technology in the coming years, or in the years of 2000. However, it is so difficult to say that the enterprises have qualified manpower who is able to pursue this progress. The low level of education of employees in industry affects productivity growth at the enterprise level. Increase of productivity is rather important as regards the development of the industry in which the country run. Decrease of productivity will largely the inflation level and unemployment as well as low profitability and the international competition on a micro basis. Because of present economic and existing competitive conditions and especially for the possibility of integration to the European Community, the share of Iron and Steel Enterprise in the textile industry is required to be increased urgently. xAlthough it is difficult to measure productivity gains in an Iron and Steel Enterprise, it is possible to say that measured productivity in general, increases productivity level and reduces unite costs. Productivity is important for all companies and national economy. Productivity should be taken; a) Workers work in more qualified environment and get more salary, b) It provides resources for new investments to the employees, c) It provides cheaper and more products to the consumers. Improvement in productivity depends on the politics of the employer in job planning, recruitment, job distribution, job training, motivation besides attitudes of the employee in using production factors and the labor force carefully. Important factors to be considered for private sectors: 1) A change in the education system 2) Motivation of employees and workers through materials and nonmaterial incentives leading to productivity outputs 3) Concentrate on international research works 4) To take in the consideration personal stall in the recruitment process The measurement of labor productivity reflects changes in efficiency over time but it reveals about the reasons accounting for these changes or their sources. Partial productivity is the ratio of output to one class of input. For example, labor productivity, the ratio of output to labor input is a partial productivity measure. Similarly, capital productivity (the ratio of output to capital input) is a partial productivity measure. Total factor productivity is the ratio of net output to the some of associated labor and capital inputs. By“net output”, total output minus intermediate goods and services purchased is meant Total productivity is ratio of total output to the sum of all input factors. Thus, a total productivity measure reflects the joint impact of all the inputs in producing the output In this study, a general evaluation of the productivity has been made by taking into account the fluctuations of the productivity observed in The îşdemir Enterprise between 1993 and 1996. The company selected is evaluated in terms of production in different ways. 1993, 1994 1995 and 1996 figures numerical and physical evaluation are used. The productivity in the above mentioned period has been discussed as a contributions to the economy of îşdemir Enterprise by considering the costs of labor, energy, raw materials and the other inputs. The concept of productivity and it's usage as a management tool are quite new for this company. The aim of productivity measurement in the company is to establish real addition of the production factors. It is true that productivity measurement in this company is quite difficult but, despite to all difficulties in many situations, productivity can be and must be measured in The îşdemir Enterprise. In this research, it has been studied to which extent the production input was utilized; and the year by year changes in the productivity level of the enterprise have been revealed in partial and total indexes and graphics. Taking into consideration the main enterprise units, it is required to make a lot of adjustments regarding production and productivity methods. It has been observed that the developments in XIthe productivity levels of the enterprise were inadequate and the input consumption was considerable. The enterprise has been operating below the capacity values due to production problems. This causes excessive energy and material expenditure. In the partial productivity measurements, it has been observed that raw material productivity has been decreasing or remaining at the same level in all the plants except sinter and high oven plants. However during the observation periods, production amount (bloom ton) has increased by 5 % in İskendurun Iron and Steel Enterprises (in the main production units) no sufficient increase has been registered in the production amount due to shortage of capacity utilization. When productivity indicators of raw materials of current years are compared to those of basic year values, it is found out that productivity level decreases in all units except in sinter and high oven plants. During the periods of observation, it has been found out that the increase in the production amounts of enterprises were not sufficient. While raw material productivity was remaining at the level of proximately 79 % in coke factories, it was exposed to some decrease in the following years. The most out standing reason for that is the cracks and bleedings, which appear during production. îskendurun Iron and Steel Enterprise has been using USA coal which is characteristically highly inclined to turn into coke. In sinter plants, raw material productivity is remaining around 80 % and has been increasing. Sinter is the second most important element, which provides the high oven charge. In high oven, on the other hand, raw material productivity is remaining around 68 % and has increased. Significant developments have been registered in high oven technology. While coke consumption per each ton of liquid metal has been decreasing, the liquid metal amount obtained from the oven has incresed. In steel plant, raw material productivity has decreased from about 90 % to about 80 %. Nevertheless during the observation period, production amount of the enterprise has increased rapidly. However this increase has been achieved as result of the increase in the amount of raw material input. Furthermore the increase in wastage and losses have been reflected upon cost and paved the way for decreases in row material productivity. On the other and raw material productivity has remained around 90 % in rolling mills. Here raw material productivity is proportional to wastage ratio. In addition to quality and process control measures in bloom, middle profile and other rolling mills, protective maintenance could be beneficial for decreasing scrap and wastage ratio in this plant. In all the main production units except sinter, bloom and middle profile rolling mills decreases in labour productivity have been observed. In general, due to surplus employment and the plant's operating below capacity limits, labour productivity has been low in İskenderun Iron and Steel Enterprise. As it is the case for all industry too, labour productivity forms a criterion for the overall resource- input effectiveness such as the quality of raw material and coke, plant capacity, the application of new techniques and research development activities. That is to say, an increase in labour productivity can not be achieved, merely making workers work harder. Modern equipment and applying new techniques will directly increase labour productivity. Besides productivity can not be considered as activity to be started xnimmediately. It always proves to be wrong to start the production first and to increase the productivity later as it is the case for these plants. If we take a look at the values regarding the labor productivity during the observation period, it has been found out that significant improvements have been achieved in the plants except coke oven. In this study direct labour productivity has been taken into consideration. (This can not coincide with the labour productivity in İşdemir). Today direct labour forms the 34 % of total labour in İşdemir whereas the ratio was approximately 25 % in 1993 (direct labour in main production). In summary the factors which may cause a decrease in the productivity of main production units are as follows. scarcity of qualified labour, the workers inadequate educational background and their over age, the poor working conditions and insuflficiency of wages and encouragement systems. In İşdemir wage and encouragement systems for the workers are fixed and they don't bear any effect on productivity. No step has been taken toward increasing the production amount either. Among the above mentioned factors, the least influential in the labour productivity is the workers security and intellectual contribution. If we are to take a look at the results of the assessment, the basic problem which is influential in production productivity appears to be the deficiency in the systems of 'wage encouragement and rewarding“. The fixation or variation of there factors must be determined in accordance with the developments in the productivity level. On the other hand problems arising in repair maintenance and spare part supply and the scarcity of the qualified labour are the important factors which influence productivity in main production units. Education level, over age, illness etc. also influence labour effectiveness significantly. When energy consumption (kcal) is calculated in İskendurun Iron and Steel Enterprise it is found out that approximately half of the total energy input (55 %) is consumed in high ovens. As for other units energy consumption is 9 % in coke ovens, 14 % in sinter, 10 % in steel plant and 12 % in rolling mill. According to the results of the measurement of total factor productivity when index numbers of 1996 compared to the values of basic year 1993, it has been fond out that productivity level has decreased slightly in coke ovens, remained at the same level in sinter plants and showed no significant increase in other plants. In calculations of total factor productivity, the labour input number ”ad.sa“ with unit ”ad.sa“ wage has been insufficient to reflect accurately the increases in labour productivity on the indicators for total factor productivity. The results of assessment have revealed that the main problems which are influential in production productivity are the insufficiencies the wage, encouragement and rewarding systems. Therefore in jşdemir the fixed wage and encouragement systems must be quitted and these must be determined in line with the production amount and productivity level. When the data analyzed according to the units and labour, the problems in repair, maintenance and spare part supply, and the scarcity of qualified labour are considered to be the other important factors which impede productivity. As from studies for increasing productivity in İşdemir, it is required to give priority to the issues such as ”raising awareness of productivity“, ”research and development studies“, ”applicational training of the workers“ and ”new investments“. In addition to those research results have proved that the main factors Xlllwhich determine the labour effectiveness in İşdemir are ”educational background“, ”work loss due to over age, illness etc. and“wage encouragement systems.”In conclusion productivity concept has been employed as "criterion for assessing the production activities of İskendurun Iron and Steel Enterprise. In the direction of the purposes, the study have been consisted of six chapters. In the first chapter, general explanations have been given as an introduction. The description of productivity and the ways of productivity increment Then, the importance of productivity for all companies, national economy and employees. In the second chapter, the concept of productivity has been summarized briefly. In mis study, productivity concept is considered the importance for global economy, national economy and companies. Then, as a third chapter, the basic concepts of productivity have been considered. Some concepts which are different from productivity concept and differences between these concepts are also explained. This chapter besides the definition of productivity and the concepts which has a contact with productivity. In the chapter four, the calculation of the types and rates of productivity has been explained. This chapter, general explanation have been given the types of productivity and the calculations. Then we come to, the fifth chapter, the measurement of productivity for a company. And various computations have been performed to measure the amount of productivity. In the final chapter, the measure of productivity rates at the company of îşdemir has been given. This chapter, as an example for the productivity studies (analyzing and evaluating at the companies, what kind of evaluating and reporting system exists in İşdemir Company is told. It has been seen that the problems in the application of productivity are similar to the problems in other companies. xiv
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