Konut dış duvarlarında ısı yalıtımı sürekliliğinin sağlanması üzerine bir inceleme
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75110
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ERTAN ÖZKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 120
Özet
Günümüzde özellikle büyük kentlerde yaşanan hava kirliliği ve bunun sonucu açığa çıkan çevre sorunları yapılan ısıtmak için kullanılan yakıtların yakılmasıyla ortaya çıkan CO2, azot oksitler ve sülfürlü gazlar ve partiküller ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Ayrıca, günümüzde bu kaynakların giderek azalması ve dolayısıyla maliyetlerinin artması gerek ülke ekonomisi gerekse aile bütçesine önemli yük getirmektedir. Sağlanması gereken yapılarda minimum enerji kullanarak ısısal konfora ulaşmaktır. Minimum enerji kullanımı ile ısısal konfora ulaşmada en etkin rolü yapı düşey dış kabuğu dış duvarlar oynamaktadır. Dış duvarların bu konuda kendisinden beklenilen performansı gösterebilmesi duvarın kendi sağlığı ile de doğrudan ilişkilidir. Yapı fiziksel olarak ele alındığında dış duvarların sağlığını etkileyen fiziksel etkenlerin en önemlilerinin ısı ve nem olduğu bilinmektedir. Düşey dış kabukta ısı ve nem akışının kontrolünün sağlanmasında en önemli husus ise, bu etkenler karşı korunumun uygulamada tam bir 'bütünlük ve süreklilik' göstermesidir. Çalışmanın amacı, konutlarda ısı korunumu ve iç konforun sağlanması için dış duvarlarda (düşey dış kabukta) yapılan ısı yalıtımı uygulamalarının kendisinden göstermesi beklenilen performansı ne derece başardığını ve bu başarıya çatı va döşemelerin etkilerini ve ısı yalıtımında sürekliliğin ne derecede sağlanabildiğini belirlemektir. Bu çalışmanın alanı, konutlarda düşey dış kabuk ile yapının diğer temel elemanları (döşeme, çatı gibi) arasındaki ilişkilerde ısı, su ve nem akışının kontrolünü sağlayan uygulanabilir çözümlerin incelenmesi ve mevcut konutlarda düşey dış kabuklar üzerinde yapılan incelemelerle ısı yalıtımı uygulamalarının ortaya konmasıdır. Düşey diş kabukta ısı ve nem akışının kontrolünün sağlanmasına ilişkin uygulanabilir çözümler ' çoktan aza geçiş', "ayrı davranış ve özellikler' ve 'süreklilik' değerlendirme kriterlerine göre incelenmiştir. Dış duvarlarda söz konusu olan ilişki bölgeleri yedi grupta toplanmış ve bu ilişkilerden dış duvar opak bileşen-saydam bileşen, dış duvar opak bileşen-çatı ve dış duvar opak bileşen-ara kat döşemesi ilişkilerinin tüm konutlarda rastlanan ilişki tipleri olduğu görülmüştür. Söz konusu tüm ilişki tiplerinde, göreli olarak sağladığı ısı korunumunun yüksek, ısı köprülerinin ve duvar gövdesinde yoğuşma olasılığının düşük olması nedeniyle ısı yalıtımı malzemesinin dış duvar gövdesinin dış yüzeyine uygulanması en uygun çözüm olmaktadır. Dış duvalarda ısı ve nem geçişinin kontrolünde sürekliliğin sağlanmasında ana sorun, en uygun duvar gövdesi ve en uygun koruyucu katman malzemesinin seçilmesi ve bunların en uygun biçimde sıralanarak düşey kabuk boyunca olduğunca homojen yapıda olmasının sağlanmasıdır.
Özet (Çeviri)
A considerable amount of energy is consumed for heating the residential buildings. For energy conservation, it is a must to increase the thermal resistance of the external envelope of the buildings. When the external envelope has a high thermal resistance, it results a decrease in energy consumption for heating the building and prevention of air- pollution. The performance of the building envelope is directly related to the health of the building itself. When the building is thought physically, the most important factors that effect the performance of the envelope is the change in temperature, water and moisture content of the envelope. As a whole, the most important role in the heat, air and moisture flow through a building envelope is played by the external wall, which often form the largest part of the envelope. It is expected that 'continuity' in walls should be succeeded in terms of the controls of the heat, air and moisture flow. However, the edges of the roof and the floor components of the structure and the surrounding beams and columns often break the continuity of walls in a building in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Also, the opaque and the transparent components of a wall in a building do not often match each other, when heat, air and moisture flow through the such wall are considered. The aim of this study is to look for the applicable solutions for heat insulation and air, water and moisture control in walls and in the intersections between the member of the external envelope and the other functional elements of the building as floor, roof, beams and columns. The study consists of four parts. Part 1 : To form the external envelope of the building Forming the external envelope depends on the analysis of the internal and external environmental factors and clarification of objectives, the functions and the performance criteria. When the physical parts of the building are considered, the most important objective for the envelope is“continuity”. This means it is necessary to keep the envelope homogenous in terms of physical performance. The natural and artificial environmental components are the main factors that affect the building external envelope. Especially heat, air, water and moisture which are among the outdoor climatic factors are the basic factors effecting the performance of external walls. Today, when we think about air pollution and saving energy it can be said that the most basic function of the wall is the control of the heat, air and moisture flow.Part 2: External walls In this part, external walls, which are applied to buildings that have reinforced concrete framed structure are discussed depending on construction and forms. External walls can be classified as follows: 1- masonry walls, 2- infilling panel walls, 3- cladding walls (mainly precast concrete), 4- curtain walls (a special type of cladding walls). On construction and application the walls which are used in buildings in our country are masonry walls and infiiling panel walls. A wall has two components that do not match each other often. They are:. Opaque components. Half transparent and transparent components (windows, glass and glass panels) Both components are effective on the thermal performance of a wall. Another point in designing the external walls is the relation between the structural system elements (columns, beams and floors ) and the external wall. The structural system elements usually do not fulfill the qualities which are expected for the external wall. For this reason, it is necessary that the wall components and supportive system components should be together taken into consideration, when heat and moisture flow through wall components are studied. Part 3 : Controlling the heat, water and moisture flow in the external walls To decrease the heat losses through external walls it is necessary to increase the thermal resistance of the external walls by applying insulation. In order to apply the insulation designers should have knowledge about the followings:. how heat flows,. heat gain and heat loss,. where and how to install thermal insulation,. types of thermal insulation materials,. level of insulation needed A building loses heat through its envelope in three ways as the conduction, convection and radiation. However, the conductive heat loss is the most effective one. There can be two different approaches in reducing the conductive heat losses through external walls. These are : 1- Wall, itself can be constructed with a low conductive material such as foam concrete blocks or panels. 2- A layer thermal insulation material can be applied. on the external surface of the wall,. on the internal surface of the wall or. between two layers of the wall (sandwich wall).Moisture which accumulates in the wall construction has great effect on the thermal and moisture performance of external walls. Moisture comes from different sources and gets into the wall construction as follows:. Moisture in the air. Construction moisture. Precipitation. Ground water. Leakage Under normal conditions the main cause of moisture accumulation in the wall construction is water vapor diffusion. An external wall consisting of different layers of various materials, fulfilling different functions. Nearly all building materials may be exposed to moisture during construction and the later life of the external wall, i.e. building. This moisture is transferred through the wall in the form of water or water vapor. The different layers resist the moisture transfer due to their different material properties i.e., resistance factors. Moisture is accumulated in front of layers with high resistance factors or extraordinary amounts of moisture is captured in the wall due to design or construction failures. As moisture is affecting the thermal and moisture performance of walls, it can cause important defects. Under normal conditions, the most important factor that effects the moisture content of the external walls is vapor diffusion. Different construction material forming the external wall puts different resistance to vapor diffusion. In insulated external walls, the place of the insulating material in the wall construction effects place of the condensation and the amount of the moisture that is accumulated. Generally, when insulation is applied on the inside surface or in the middle of the wall construction causes condensation that is generated inner the wall construction. When the insulation is moved towards the external surface of a wall, it decreases the risk of condensation. Part 4 : Provide continuity on the heat control and moisture flow in vertical external envelope Continuity of external walls are often interrupted by the projection of roof, exposed intermediate floors, beams, columns and ground floor. Both the intersection between the components of the external wall and between these components and the other building functional elements (roof, the floors intersected with the external walls) are the weakest parts in the heat control, water and moisture transfer. Just as the external walls consist of opaque and transparent components, they are in contact with the roof, intermediate floor, ground floor, the exposed beams and columns as well. The following chart shows this relation:As it can be understood from this chart there can be seven intersections between components of the external wall and of the other building functional elements. 1 - Opaque component 2 - Opaque component 3 - Opaque component 4 - Opaque component 5 - Transparent component 6 - Transparent component 7 - Transparent component - Transparent component - Roof - Intermediate floor with beam and column - The ground floor with grade beam - Roof projection or gable wall - Intermediate floor with column and beam - The ground floor with grade beam among these intersections, number 1,2 and 3 are found most effective on the performance of walls that can form thermal bridges and bring air, water leakage and varying vapor diffusion. Therefore, the joints between opaque and transparent components of the walls and the integration of the walls with roof and floors are studied in the fourth section of the study. To detect the defects in these intersections a field study was also carried our. A numbered of existing multi-storey residential buildings that are not more than five years old are studied, visually inspected and the designer interviewed to detect the defects. To over come the defects, alternative solutions are proposed for each defected intersection.. Intersections, joints between the opaque and transparent components of the walls Joints between walls and windows and doors can provide the weak link concerning weather exclusion and thermal control besides the other performance requirements. The study showed that no mastic pointing had been applied between the walls and window and door frames. Therefore, they are ready for air and water leakage. Also, the sides ofwindow and door openings have no thermal insulation. Various solutions including mastic pointing foamed polyurethane insulation were proposed to avoid water and air leakage and thermal bridges.. Intersections between the walls and roofs The main problem is the thermal bridge. On pitched roof, the eaves should be short and thermally insulated. The best solution to avoid thermal bridges. For the intersection between the fiat roof and the wall, parapets are the components are the creates thermal bridges. The best solution is to apply thermal insulation material around the parapet walls. Alternative solutions for the intersection between walls and both types of the roofs were proposed for.. Intersections between the walls and edges of intermediate floors, beams and columns A large amount of heat losses occurred through the exposed beams and columns as thermal bridges. They are often left uninsulated due to the difficulty in the application and the standards (TS 825) which allows to leave the exposed members of the structurel frame uninsulated. In this case, the best solution is to apply thermal insulation materials on the external surface of the wall for preventing the thermal bridges and the condensation in walls. The externally applied insulation generally provides to have the external wall homogenous all over the vertical envelope of the building.
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