Tarımsal kaynaklı atıklardan aktif karbon üretimi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75384
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NURSEN İPEKOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 83
Özet
ÖZET Günümüzde içme suyu ve atık su arıtımındaki uygulamalarından, gıda endüstrisindeki kullanımına, gaz saflaştırma ve ayırmadan, hava kirliliğinin engellenmesi amacıyla kullanımına kadar birçok alanda karşımıza iyi bir adsorban madde olarak aktif karbon çıkar. 300-1500 m2/gr yüzey alan değerlerine sahip olabilen bu. adsorban, karbon kökenli hemen hemen her maddeden üretilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada gıda işleme proseslerinden katı atık olarak çıkabilecek fiştik (yer fistığı) kabuklan ve ceviz kabuklarının yanısıra çöven kökleriyle de aktif karbon üretimine gidilmiştir. Bu amaçla hammaddeler kimyasal madde (H3PO4) varlığında karbonizasyon ve aktivasyon işlemlerine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Elde edilen ürünlerin iyot sayısı, fenol sayısı, mineral madde içeriğini tespit etmek amacıyla gerekli analizler yapılmış ve çöven köklerinden elde edilen bazı aktif karbonların BET yüzey alam ölçülmüştür. VIII
Özet (Çeviri)
PRODUC HON OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS SUMMARY The element carbon exists in three allotropic modifications, amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond, which are employed industrially. In general, carbon is chemically inert and is infusible at atmospheric pressure. Carbon is an extremely versatile element in its use fullness to man. Its utilization is growing enormously. The helpfulness of carbon is apparent only when we single out the many phases of our every day living where this adaptable element is essential in the black pigment of the ink of books and newspaper, in pencils, as the black colour in many paints: as a strengthening and toughening constituent of rubber tires, tubes etc. Non fabricated industrial carbon is represented by lampblack, carbon black, activated carbon, graphite and industrial diamonds. Activated carbon is amorphous carbon that has been treated with steam and heat until it has a very great affinity for adsorbing many materials. Activated carbons can be made from a variety of carbonaceous materials including:. Biomass: wood, coconut shells, walnut shells, peach kernels, rice hulls,. Fossilized plant matter: peat, lignite, all ranks of coal,. Industrial products and wastes; petroleum coke, pulp mill residue, waste tyres. Activated carbons are employed in diverse applications such as purification, contact media and chemical recovery. Their significance is increasing driven by environmental issues. IXApplications of Activated Carbon 1. Adsorbent in military and industrial gas masks and other devices, 2. Recovery of gasoline from natural gas, 3. Recovery of benzol from manufactured gas, 4. Recovery of solvents vaporized in industrial processes such as manufacture of rayon, rubber products, artificial leather, transparent wrappings, film, smokeless powder, and plastics, and in rotogravure printing, dry cleaning of fabrics, degreasing of metals, solvent extraction, fermentation, etc, 5. Removing impurities from gases such as hydrogen, helium, acetylene, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, 6. Removing organic sulfur compounds, H2S, and other impurities from manufactured and synthesis gas (usually impregnated with either Li or Cu salts), 7. Removing odors from air in air conditioning, stench abatement, etc, 8. Absorbing radioactive emanations from nucleonic reactors for the time sufficient so that the decay is completed while still trapped in the activated carbon bed. Decolorizing and purifying liquids (decolorizing carbon) 1. Refining of cane sugar, beet sugar, glucose, and other sirups, 2. Refining oils, fats and waxes such as cottonseed oil, coconut oil, 3. Removing impurities from food products such as gelatin, vinegar, cocoa butter, pectin, fruit juices, and alcoholic beverages, 4. Removing impurities from pharmaceutical and other chemical products, including acids, 5. Water purification-removal of taste, odor, and color, 6. Removing impurities from used oils, dry-cleaning solvents, electroplating solutions, sirups, etc, 7. Removal of metals from solution-silver, gold, etc. Catalyst and catalyst support (gas-adsorbent carbon) 1. Support for HgCfe catalyst for manufacture of vinyl chloride, 2. Support for zinc acetate catalyst in the manufacture of vinyl acetate, 3. Manufacture of phosgene, 4. Carrier of hydrogenation catalysts, etc.Medicine 1. Internal medicine for adsorption of gases, toxins, and poisons, 2. Administering adsorbent medicinals, 3. External adsorbent for odors from ulcers and wounds. Activated carbon is seeing increased utilization worldwide for environmental applications and water purification, with the estimated 300 million-kg annual production increasing at about 4% annually. Approximately 60% of activated carbon used in the U.S.A is produced from coal, 20% from coconut shells, and the remaining 20% from wood and other biomass sources. Activation is generally a two stage process: The first stage consists of carbonization under reducing conditions below 600°C or simultaneous carbonization and chemical activation by impregnation with dehydrating gents such as zinc chloride (ZnCU) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) between 400 and 700°C. Materials for activation are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Materials For Activation Materials for activation Boric acid Calcium hydroxide Calcium chloride Calcium Chlorine Cyanides Dolomite Ferric chloride Manganese chloride Manganese dioxide Phosphoric acid Potassium carbonate Potassium sulfide Potassium thiocyanate Sodium hydroxide Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sulphur Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Manganese sulfate _.,,.,,.T..., Zinc chloride Nitnc acid \ Both the nature of the materials and the method of activation have a strong influence on the resulting activated carbons. Ligninocellulosic materials such as fruit shells proved to be excellent materials for the production of activated carbons. High-quality activated carbons produced from these materials are capable of adsorbing either from gas or liquid phase. XIThe main purpose of this research is the manufacture of activated carbon, which has an enormous economical value, from agricultural by-products (peanut, walnutshells) and Gypsophila bicolor roots. Activation was caried out by the chemical activation method. Raw materials is impregnated with an activating reagent solution and heated up afterward to different temperatures in an inert atmosphere. In this study, 85% H3PO4 solution was added at a constant rate. Impregnation ratio is selected to be %15. The shell- acid slurry was heated over 1 hour to 200°C in a stainless steel reactor under flowing nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, and held at this temperature for 20 min, after the slurry was heated to final heat treatment temperature. Experimantal study of the production of activated carbon from agricultural by-products in a fixed bed system is shown Figure I. After the second stage heat treatment, the solid products were leached with distilled water to pH 7. Finally, the solid products were dried at 1 1 0°C over night before further analysis. Figure 1 Fixed Bed System These analysis are 1. Determination of surface area by iodine number, 2. Phenol number. XII3. Ash contents, 4. Fourier-Transform-Infrared Spectrometry, 5. Electron microscopy, 6. BET surface area. The low temperature stage is employed to lower the allow time necessary for full penetration of the phosphoric acid into the structure, and also the reactions are considered to influence the properties of the final carbon product. XIII
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