TiAIN, TİN tek ve çok katlı kaplamaların karakterizasyonu
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75422
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ALİ FUAT ÇAKIR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Metalurji Mühendisliği, Metallurgical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Metalurji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 50
Özet
Sert seramik kaplamalar makine ile işleme, kesme ve delme işlemleri gibi uygulamalarda kullanımları gittikçe yaygınlaşan malzemelerdir. Geçiş metallerinin nitrür, karbür, karbonitrür ve borürleri esaslı seramik kaplamalar bu uygulamalarda kullanılan kaplamalardır. Kesici takımların performansını artırmada kullanılan kaplamalar içinde TİN, CrN, TiCN ve TiAlN en genel kullanımı olan kaplama türleridir. Bu kaplamalar içinde TiAlN, en yeni geliştirilmiş ve makine ile işleme ve kesme işlemlerinde kullanımı gittikçe artan kaplamalardır. TiN ile kıyaslandığında TiAlN, özellikle kesme işlemlerinde üstün özellikler sağlamaktadır. TiAlN yüksek sertliği ve düşük ısıl iletkenlik özelliği ile ideal bir kaplama olmakla beraber, taban malzemeye yapışma özelliği TİN kadar iyi değildir. Sert seramik kaplamaların kesme işlemlerinde kullanılan, aşınma özelliklerini geliştirmek amacıyla yapılan ve farklı seramik kaplamaların birarada kullanılması ile oluşturulan çok katlı kaplamalar son yıllarda kullanımı söz konusu olan kaplamalardır. Bu çalışmada, iyi yapışma özelliği olan TiN'ün önce tabanda sonra ara tabakalarda ve TiAlN'ünde en üst tabakada kullanımı ile çok katlı TiAlN-TiN kaplamaya olan etkisi ve TiAlN'ün karakterizasyonu incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla kalınlık ölçüm deneyi, mikrosertlik deneyi, çizik testi, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve aşınma deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda metal yüzeyine yapılan TİN kaplama ve ara TiN katmanların çok katlı sistemin yapışma özelliğini arttırdığı ve sertliğini bir miktar düşürdüğü görülmüştür.
Özet (Çeviri)
In this century, according to the development of the technology, a lot of attention has been given to the development of hard and wear resistant coatings because of the industrial for new materials needs. Related to the industrial advances, coatings and thin films became one of the major solutions of tribological problems. Hard ceramic coatings are based on nitrides, carbides and borides of the transition metal elements provide surface with improved properties such as wear resistance, decorative appearance, optical and electrical-electronical properties and corrosion resistance. In general, coating deposition techniques are divided into three groups: Metallic Coatings, Organic Coatings and Inorganic Coatings. Metallic coatings are basically either metals or alloys. They are used for tribological application and as well as for corrosion protection. They are also extensively used for decorative aims. Metal coatings are produced by for major techniques: Physical methods, Chemical methods, Mechanical methods, and electrochemical methods. All of these methods have various applications to many materials and places. Hot dipping, hot spraying, electrolytic coating, sementation vacuum coating and ion coating are the most important coating types which belong to this group. Organic coatings are generally used for decorative purposes and corrosion protection. Polymers, which have self lubrication, low volume emission and economic production costs, are important tribological materials. Inorganic coatings include ceramic coatings, glasses chromate coatings and phosphate coatings. Because of high wear resistance, good adhesion and frictionproperties, and economical manufacturing specialties, hard ceramic coatings became one of the most important materials in the field of cutting and drilling applications. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) process have the great importance in the development of such kind of coatings. PVD processes have the ability to deposit ceramic coatings over a large range of compositions. PVD involves, in its simplest form, the vaporization of a metal or an alloy into a low pressure reaction chamber filled with a gas. The vaporization of the target material can be done in a variety of ways such as electrical heating, electron beam bombardment and arc heating. The metal vapor reacts with the gas in order to form molecules which are then attracted towards a negative biased cathode on which they form the physical vapor deposition coating. From field experience related to the production of ceramic coatings and their performance on cutting and drilling tools, titanium nitride emerged since more than a decade as the most widely accepted first generation ceramic coating. Titanium nitride was first coated commercially on tools by the Chemical Vapor Deposition method. In the last decade it triggered the commercial break through of the physical vapor deposition coating process. Titanium nitride is mainly used on high speed tools for metal cutting but has also found other tribological applications, such as in bearings, seals and as an erosion protection layer. Another important attraction with titanium nitride is its golden colour which has also forced its use in decorative applications. The suitability of titanium nitride as a tribological coating is explained by its high hardness, good adhesion to steel substrates and chemical stability. The ever increasing use of hard ceramic coatings had the benefit to familiarize users with the specific requirements imposed by the introduction of such coatings on cutting tools. Titanium nitride hard coatings, despite their excellent mechanical properties, can not be used at elevated temperatures due to their poor chemical stability. At temperatures above 450°C, titanium nitride coatings are easily oxidized, resulting in titanium-based oxides, which are easily penetrated by oxygen. This extensiveoxidation leads to a loss of adherence of the coating and a rapid decrease in wear protection. Additives such as Al, Zr and Si improve the mechanical properties of nitride coatings and may also improve the oxidation resistance. The introduction of these elements modifies the electron structure at the surface so that the affinity for the oxygen and elements from the workpiece is changed. Titanium aluminium nitride can be used up to temperatures as high as 800°C. It forms a stable, protective AI2O3 surface layer on the outer surface in an oxidizing environment at temperatures above 700°C. In consequence, the basis for the introduction of aluminium into the deposited film was to improve the oxidation behavior of the coating. In previous works, the use of arc evaporation process has demonstrated the suitability of this technique for preparing TiAIN coatings and also confirmed the alloyed cathode as the best compromise to produce TiAIN films for industrial cutting tool applications. The advantage of the arc evaporation process for producing TiAIN film by varying the aluminium content should permit the optimization of important criteria of the coating such as its hardness and its surface interaction with the machined material. Service life advantages of TiAIN coatings, over TiN coatings under machining conditions, in particular at higher cutting speeds, was seen in previous works. The physical vapor deposition technology is ideal to realize new coating concepts like multilayer coatings. The multilayer coatings meet many requirements (good adherence to metallic substrates, proper hardness to toughness ratio) for a composite exposed to complex wear conditions. By using the physical vapor deposition technique, it is possible to prepare single layers of TiN, TiCN, TiAIN or with high numbers of these single layers. The properties of a surface can be improved by covering it with a number of different surface layers. The three advantages of multilayer coatings are as follows.1. Interface layers. These layers improve the adhesion of a coating to the substrate. They also cause a smooth transition from coating properties to substrate properties at the boundary of coating-substrate. 2. Large number of repeated layers. A lot of thin layers having different mechanical properties on each other the stress concentration in the surface and the conditions for crack propagation can be changed. 3. Diverse property layers. Surface properties can be improved by depositing layers of coatings that have different kinds of effects on the surface, like wear protection, thermal isolation and adhesion to the substrate. TiAlN as a monolayer coating for cutting tools applies a high stress level to the interface and reduces the cutting performance. To solve the stress problem, a multilayer coating which have the TiN and TiAlN coating together can be used. In this study, the aim is to investigate the properties of TiAlN coated high speed steels, their comparison with other hard ceramic coatings, their performance in cutting tool applications and the effect of TiN coating layer between substrate and TiAlN coating on the adhesion of the multilayer TiAlN-TiN coating to the substrate. The approach following experiments were applied to the specimens: Calotest experiments, Ultra microhardness tests, Scratch tests, Surface profiling tests, Wear tests, and Chemical analysis tests. To determine the coating thickness of coatings calotest was applied to the materials. According to the thickness of coatings, we also find the force which we have to apply to the coating during the microhardness test. From the microhardness test results, it was determined that single layer TiAlN has greater hardness than multilayer TiAlN-TiN. This is because of the lower hardness of TiN compered to TiAlN. According to the scratch test results, it can be stated that TiN affected the adhesion of TiAlN to the substrate positively. The critical load of multilayer coating have bigger values than single TiN coating. From these results we can say that TiN can be use as an interface layer in order to improve the adhesion of the coating. During the scratch test, low acoustic emission signals were recorded.The results of wear tests show that multilayer coating have a higher friction coefficient comparing with single TiN coating. In the beginning of the wear test of multilayer coating there is an increase and a decrease related to the effects of various layers of the coating. The surface roughness of the coating increased with increasing aluminium content of the coating.
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