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Eyüp Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Medresesi restorasyon projesi

The Restoration project of Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Madrasa

  1. Tez No: 83121
  2. Yazar: GÖKÇEN TUBA TEMELCİ
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. AHMET ERSEN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1999
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 279

Özet

ÖZET EYÜP SOKOLLU MEHMET PAŞA MEDRESESİ RESTORASYON PROJESİ Tezin konusunun oluşturan Eyüp Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Medresesi, İstanbul'un Eyüp İlçesi'nde bulunmaktadır. Cami-i Kebir Caddesi'nin güneyinde yer alan medrese, türbe ve darülkurra ile birlikte, Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Külliyesini oluşturmaktadır. 1568-1569 yılları arasında, Sokolllu Mehmet Paşa tarafından eşi İsmihan Sultan için yaptırılan yapı, Mimar Sinan'ın eseridir. Medrese, külliyenin güneybatı tarafında, uzun kenarı kuzey-güney doğrultusunda dikdörtgen bir plan üzerinde yükselir. Medresenin ortasında bulunan avlunun etrafı revaklarla çevrilidir. Doğu ve- batı yönlerinde uzanan kanatlarda, eşit boyutlarda hücreler yer almaktadır. İki adet eyvanı olan yapıda, kare mekânlar kubbeler ile örtülmüştür. Sadece kuzeydeki revağın ortasındaki açıklığın örtüsü aynalı tonozdur. Dikdörtgen planlı medresenin girişi, dikdörtgenin kuzey kenarının orta ekseninde bulunan dershanenin kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Açılı konumu, farklı yapı elemanı formları ve detayları ile medresenin ana binasından farklılık gösteren hela kısmı dönem ekidir ve medresenin güneydeki kısa koluna bağlanmıştır. Dikdörtgen planlı helanın örtüsü beşik tonozdur. Avluya bakan cepheler kesme taş kaplamadır. Dış cepheler ise bir sıra taş üç sıra tuğla düzeninde almaşık duvar tekniği göstermektedir. Yapıda tuğla, küfeki taşı, mermer, dövme demir, ahşap gibi malzemeler kullanılmıştır. Dershane kapı ve pencere söveJeri mermerden, hücrelerinki ise küfeki taşındandır. Revak kemerleri dövme demir gergilerle bağlanmıştır. 1961-1962 yıllarında geçirdiği restorasyonda yapılan yanlış uygulamalar yapıyı olumsuz etkilemiştir. Yaşamına medrese olarak başlayan yapı, günümüzde Eyüp Sağlık Ocağı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan tez çalışması, bu işlevin sürdürülmesi yönünde önerilerde bulunmaktadır. Tez, on ana başlıkta toplanmıştır. Giriş bölümü olan birinci bölümde, çalışmada izlenen yöntem ve kullanılan tekniklerden bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde Eyüp semtinin çeşitli dönemlere ait tarihi gelişimi kısaca anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Külliyesi ve yapılarının tarihçesi ve tanımlamaları yer almaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde Osmanlı eğitiminin önemli bir kurumu olan medreselerden bahsedilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Medresesi daha ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş, yapının mevcut durumu ve kullanımı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Medresenin plan özelliklerinden bahsedilirken her mekân ayrı ayrı betimlenip, cephe, strüktür, malzeme ve yapım tekniği ile mimarî öğeleri değerlendirilerek tanımlamaları yapılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde yapıda meydana gelen bozulmalar araştırılmıştır. Yedinci bölümde 16. yy medrese yapılarının özellikleri dikkate alınarak, medresenin çağdaşı ve benzerleri ile karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Bu bölümdeki veriler ışığında ve yapının ayrıntılı olarak incelenip ve gözlemlenmesiyle, sekizinci bölümde binanın restitüsyonu çözümlenmeye, özgün durumu belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Restitüsyon için eski fotoğraf ve haritalardan da faydalanılmıştır. Son bölümde ise binanın restorasyonu ve günümüzdeki işlevini gereğince sağlayabilmesi için geliştirilen kullanım önerileri sunulmuştur. vıTezde tartışılan başlıca üç sorun; rutubet, geri dönüşümü olmayan müdahaleler içerdiği için geçirdiği restorasyon, ve kent dokusundaki değişmeler nedeniyle yapının çevreyle bağlamının değişmesidir. Güncel işlevinin gereklerini yerine getirebilmesi için, yapıya modern bir sistem yerleştirilmesi ve bu sayede daha yaşanır kılınması da tartışılmaktadır. Tezde, sağlamlaştırma, temizleme, bütünleme, rehabilitasyon gibi müdahalelelerle ve iç iklim kontrolü ile bir sağlık ocağı yapısından beklenen şartların sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bunun için yapının önemli bir sorunu olan nemin yarattığı iç yoğuşma ısıtma ve havalandıma ile önlenmeli, öte yandan nem kontrolü yapılmalıdır. Yapıda sıcaklık ve nem kontrol edilirken havalandırma da düşünülmelidir. Dolayısıyla yapıya ısıtma - soğutma, havalandırma gibi gerekleri sağlayan bir sistem yerleştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Ancak bu sistemin varlığı ile yapının sağlık hizmetine verimli bir şekilde devam etmesi mümkün olacaktır. Tezde, yapının güncel işlevini yerine getirebilmesi için, yerleştirilen modem bir sistem sayesinde daha yaşanır kılınmasının gerekleri tartışılmaktadır. Yapıda yaşanır ortamın sağlanması amacıyla modern teknolojiye başvurulması, yapının yaşatılmasına hizmet etmektedir. Restorasyonda modern teknolojinin kullanılması sadece bir araçtır ve tüm müdahalelerin geri dönüşümlü olmasına dikkat edilmelidir. Projede asıl hedeflenen tarihî anıtın yaşamının sürekliliğidir. Yapının korunmasını ve bakımını sürekli kılıcak olan“sağlık ocağı”işlevi, yararlı bir toplumsal amaca hizmet edip, semtin ihtiyacını karşılaması bakımından, hergün ruhanî duygular ile olumlu niyetlerle ziyaret edilen ve dinî bir misyona sahip olan Eyüp'e uygun bulunmaktadır. vıı

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY THE RESTORATION PROJECT OF SOKOLLU MEHMET PAŞA MADRASA Eyüp Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Complex is in Eyüp district of İstanbul. The complex is located at the south of the road Cami-i Kebir. It was constructed by Architect Sinan in sixteenth century. It is a small complex which includes a“medrese”(madrasa), a“türbe”(mausoleum) and a“darülkurra”(koranic school) as well. There are tombs of the Sokollu Mehmet Pasha's family and descendants in the courtyard of the complex. The subject of this dissertation is the restoration of the madrasa which is situated at the southwest of the complex. The thesis consists of ten chapters. The first chapter as being an introduction, explains the methods and the techniques that are used for the study. The studies were initiated by measured drawings. Photographic documentation had been carried out simultaneously to assist measured drawings. In addititon to the architectural survey and analysis of the madrasa, the written sources were consulted. In the light of the physical evidence and the conclusions of the researches made, the reconstitution drawings and the restoration proposals were prepared. The drawings were prepared in Autocad Release 14 format for further revisions and documentations. The second chapter explains the physical properties of Eyüp district and its history. Eyüp was established as a Turkish city beyond the city walls. Mehmet the Conqueror built a complex that consisted of a türbe (mausoleum), mosque and a imaret (kitchen) on the tomb of Halid bin Zeyd Ebu Eyyub el Ensari who was Prophet Mohammed's companion. With its these characteristics, it can be compared to the holy European cities of the Middle Ages which were established around the tombs of the saints. Eyüp became a visiting point for the whole Islamic world and acquired a unique character. In this chapter, besides its religious value, it was mentioned the social, economical, architectural, cultural values (some exist and some are lost) added to Eyüp throughout the history were mentioned. Sokollu Mehmet Paşa complex and the buildings within it were described in the third chapter. Sokollu Mehmet Paşa was one of the grand vezirs of the sixteenth century and the patron of the complex which was dedicated to his wife: ismihan Sultan. The property of the madrasa belongs to the foundation of ismihan Sultan and has been rented by the Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Foundation. In the fourth chapter the term“medrese”(madrasa) was defined and the history of the madrasas which were the essential institutions of the Ottoman education was mentioned. Madrasa use was abolished in the course of the educational reforms, implemented by Atatürk and they no longer continue to be used as an educational system. Though decreasing in number, some of these madrasas have fortunately survived to the present day. VIIIThe madrasas have documentary and historical values. As being the witnesses to the material and spiritual cultures of their age, they are the solid expressions of the Ottoman culture. The aforementioned emotional and cultural values together with their architectural values comprising aesthetical and symbolic assets and historical records, must be preserved and appraised. The fifth part embodies Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Madrasa. The madrasa was described analytically and information about the present state of the structure and the usage of it was given. The characteristics of the madrasa's plan was mentioned and each space had been depicted seperately. Its architectural description had been completed by evaluating the facades, the structural forms, the materials and the construction techniques together with architectural elements and their features. The madrasa has a rectangular plan. The entrance is from the north facade of the classroom which lies on the symmetry axis of the madrasa, protruding from its north side. There lies a courtyard in the center of the madrasa which is surrounded by arcades. This porticoed courtyard is surrounded by student cells and the classroom. The portico has 24 organic limestone columns with capitals. The cells are located at the west and east flanks of the madrasa. There are not only cells but also two iwans: the third space from the north on the west flank and the northest space on the east flank are iwans. The cells, iwans and riwac bays have equal dimensions. The cells have a size of 340 - 345 cm. All these square spaces are covered with domes. Only the middle bay of the north arcade is covered by a panel vault. The transition elements of the cells, iwans and the riwac bays are pendentives. The cells have accesses only from the courtyard facade. Opposite to them there are two rectangular windows below and one pointed arch window above. The door and windows of the cells have organic limestone frames. The student rooms have the same fenestration except the three north cells on the west flank. In addition to student cells, on the north-west edge there lies another section that has a dimension of two cells adjacent to each other. There is a toilet building which is attached to the main structure on the south facade. It is connected by means of a corridor to the madrasa. The toilet has a rectangular plan with a size of 1028 x 310 cm and is covered by a barrel vault. The classroom makes a projection on the north side from the main mass of the madrasa. The classroom's dome rests on a square base. The transition elements of the dome that covers this base have squinches which are decorated by stalactites. The interior space was enriched by coloured decoration and stained glass windows as well as the decoration on the dome and its base. Solely they are the main decorative elements of the structure. The classroom's windows have white marble frames and iron network. The doors of the classroom have also marble frames under elliptical arches. The facades facing the courtyard were faced with ashlar. The outer facades were faced with alternating bands composed of one course of ashlar and three courses of brick. This alternating wall system is not homogeneous. The madrasa's structure is based on continuous load bearing elements which are walls and the vertical load bearing elements which are arches and vaults. The load bearing elements of the riwacs are the arches and the columns. In the sixth part, the madrasa's structural and material condition from its genesis, through its long life to present, was studied. The deteriorations that occurred in the building and their causes were researched in this chapter. The deteriorations were presented with a diagnose mapping. Causes of deterioration were studied in two titles: IXIntrinsic causes of deterioration: those are related to the building's position and the deficiencies inherent in the structure, Extrinsic causes of deterioration: which are prolonged and occasional actions of natural agents, and causes provoked by human activity. In the thesis the main problems that have been taken up, are the de-restoration of the previous restoration, the humidity which is caused by water leakage and percolation from the roof, condensation on the walls' surfaces, the phenomena of rising damp due to capilirity, and the building's settings in relation to the changes occurred due to the dynamics and shifts of urban texture Taking into consideration the charade hstics of the sixteenth century madrasa buildings, a comparison between the contemporary and the similar madrasas was made in the seventh chapter. In the eight chapter, with these data obtained in the seventh part and the physical evidence derived from the building, there had been an attempt to solve the reconstitution of the building and to determine the tracks that belong to the past, in order to find out the original state of the building. In the reconstitution drawings old photographs and maps were used as the data base. Illuminated by the observations made and architectural survey of the structure's present condition, it was hoped to provide some hints about the madrasa's original state, however the loss of its originality was inevitable because of the changes caused by previous restorations. Its historic evidence was falsified and so it is hard to derive clues from the building itself especially about the wall texture. The old photographs which were found couldn't help either, as they only showed limited parts of the building. Therefore the studies and observations should continue during restoration works. While clearing away the unqualified additions such as cement mortars, the walls should be examined and this diagnosis should be taken into consideration for the restoration decisions. In the nineth part of the study, the restoration of the structure and its new existing function was discussed. The architectural monuments can not be judged by aesthetical and historical criteria only. As being products of architecture, unlike other works of art, they must serve a specific purpose. This requirement, sets up the necessary conditions and their re use with an appropriate function. It is a question of the contemporary architecture to re-utilize the architectural monuments which don't serve for their original function. Adaptation of a convenient new function will be a supporting device for the rehabilitation of the structures which will ensure the building to find its proper place in the economical, social and environmental context. It is required to be faithful to the fundamental principals of conservation which is approved universally. The interventions proposed in the thesis can be summarized as; - The Consolidation (direct conservation): The material deteriorations such as damages caused by water and vegetation growth should be hindered. Restoration, Reintegration and Reconstitution of The Original Forms: Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Madrasa had gone through a restoration in 1961-1962. And yet, in the everchanging environment of 90's, the building can not respond the growing needs of the modern civilisation. This“restoration”had included the use of some detrimental materials which accelerated the deterioration of the structure and destroyed its historical evidence. The materials in question should be dealed with and cleared away. Considering these irreversible interventions, it will be a morecomplicated case for the extent of the decisions that should be given during the present restoration project. The additions to the building such as iron frames to close the riwac bays, concrete chimney for the central heating system, new walls, new spaces and closed windows should be removed. The toilet section should be preserved, as it is a contribution from a later period and so an“historical document”itself. The missing windows, their iron network, inner frames and shelters, lead roof coverings and also the decayed parts should be replaced. The missing organic limestones will be replaced with organic limestones from Pinarhisar. The lacking parts of the alternating wall joints and the cement mortar should be repointed with traditional mortars. The wall bricks and hexagonal tiles for finishing the floor should be produced according to their traditional sizes. - Rehabilitation Today, Eyüp Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Madrasa is being used as a clinic. However, the building can not provide the requirements of a health institution and needs improvement of the living conditions. Extended implementations of the mentioned function was proposed in the restoration project. The micro climate of the building must be taken under control, and standard temperature and humidity must be obtained, in order to control the micro climate. The proposal was to install a“heating, ventilation and air conditioning”(HVAC) system to the building. The integration of a modern technological system with the architectural monument is discussed in this chapter. It is agreed on what J.K. Galbraith said ;“Saving an old building is never really profitable... but it is always worthwhile”. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to supply the madrasa's continuity in history by utilizing it with a new function. The traditional state of the building is inadequate to satisfy the requirements for daily use of the modern life, that is why the modern system has to be installed. The system just serves in favour of the function and the function serves for the "monument's existence. By means of this ongoing adaptive use, the structure's maintenace will be provided, so its future existence will be guaranteed. As a conclusion, it must be pointed out that the future of the madrasa can not be isolated from its environment. They must be considered as a whole. The building is more than a structure itself; it affects and is affected by its environment. After the restoration, the structure must also be integrated to the district. The given function as a clinic serves the public interest and the necessities of the district, hence the building finds its place in Eyüp which is considered with a religious mission and its visitors full of positive feelings and sipiritual satisfaction. XI

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