Glutamik asidin temassız iletkenlik dedektörü kullanılarak kapiler elektroforez yöntemi ile çeşitli gıdalardaki tayini
Determination of glutamic acid by capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detector in food samples
- Tez No: 919647
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. NEVİN ÖZTEKİN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya, Chemistry
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Kimya Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 71
Özet
Teknolojinin de gelişmesiyle birlikte insanoğlunun paketli ve hazır gıdalara ulaşması gün geçtikçe kolaylaşmaktadır. Fakat kolay üretilebilir ve kolay tüketilebilir bu besin maddelerinin sağlığa olan etkileri her geçen gün yeni bir tartışma kapısı açmaktadır. Bu sebeptendir ki son yıllarda gıda analiz sektörü önem kazanmış olup fazlasıyla yatırım almaya başlamıştır. İnsanların bilgiye ulaşmasının kolaylaşması ile birlikte de sağlıklı, doğal ve güvenilir gıdaya yönelim artmaktadır. Özellikle hazır ve paketli gıdalarda rastladığımız katkı maddelerinin sağlık etkilerinin tartışılması ile bu maddelerin analizi ve tayini önem kazanmıştır. Bu maddelerden biri olan ve hemen hemen herkesin aşina olduğu monosodyum glutamat (MSG), glutamik asidin bir tuzudur. MSG'nin 1960'lı yıllardan beri insan sağlığına olumsuz etkisi olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır. MSG, gıdalarda lezzet artırıcı olarak kullanılan bir katkı maddesidir. Cipslerde, soslarda, Çin eriştelerinde ve birçok paketli gıdada MSG kullanılmaktadır. Glutamik asit esansiyel olmayan bir aminoasittir. Dolayısıyla insan vücudunda üretilebilir. Suda çözündüğünde genellikle anyonik formda bulunur. İnsan vücudunda nörotransmiter madde olarak görev alır. Aynı zamanda gıdalara umami tat katar. Glutamik asit, domateste ve soyada yüksek miktarda bulunur. Kapiler elektroforez (CE), bir ayırma ve tayin yöntemidir. CE yönteminde ayrılma, taneciklerin elektrik alan altındaki mobilite farklılıklarına dayanarak gerçekleşir. Bu yöntem ile birlikte oldukça hızlı analiz yapmak mümkündür. Aynı zamanda az madde sarfiyatı, kolay uygulanabilmesi ve yüksek ayırma gücü diğer avantajları arasında yer alır. Bu tez çalışmasında CE, temassız iletkenlik dedektörü ile birleştirilmiştir. Temassız iletkenlik dedektörü (C4D) ile birlikte oldukça hassas analizler yapmak mümkündür. Bu sebeple CE-C4D yöntemiyle birlikte hızlı ve hassas bir şekilde glutamik asit tayini yapmak mümkündür. Literatürde de bu yöntem ile çeşitli gıdalarda glutamik asit tayini yapılan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada gıda analizinde de kullanılabilecek yeni bir yöntem bulmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada tampon olarak 2-hidroksi-3-[(1-hidroksi-2-metilpropan-2-il)amino]propan-1-sülfonik asit (AMPSO) kullanılmıştır. Tampon pH'ı 8,5'a ayarlanmıştır. Glutamik asit sulu çözeltide negatif yüklü olduğu için ayırma voltajı negatif uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca kapiler katyonik bir yüzey aktif madde olan setilpiridinyum bromür ile kaplanmıştır. Tampon çözeltisi 50 mM AMPSO ve 0,2 mM setilpiridinyum bromür içermektedir. pH Tris ile 8,5'e ayarlanmıştır. Ayırma voltajı -28 kV olarak belirlenmiştir. Geliştirilen yöntem ile glutamik asit için dedeksiyon limiti (LOD) 0,05 mg/L ve tayin limiti (LOQ) 0,15 mg/L olarak bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte geliştirilen yöntem için geri kazanım değerleri %83,23 ile %100,75 arasındadır. Kalibrasyon grafiğinin lineer aralığı ise 0,15 mg/L ile 80 mg/L aralığındadır ve r2 değeri 0,9986'dır.
Özet (Çeviri)
With the development of technology, it is becoming easier for people to access packaged and convenience foods. However, the health effects of these easily produced and easily consumed nutrients cause new discussions every day. As people's access to information becomes easier, the tendency towards healthy, natural and safe food increases. For this reason, the food analysis sector has gained importance in recent years and has started to receive a lot of investment. Particularly with the discussion of the health effects of additives in convenience and packaged foods, the analysis and determination of these substances has gained importance. One of these substances is MSG, which almost everyone is familiar with, is a salt of glutamic acid. MSG is an additive used as a flavor enhancer in foods. MSG is used in chips, sauces, snacks and many packaged foods. It has been discussed whether MSG has a negative effect on human health since the 1960s. The discussion of health effects of the MSG started in 1968. Dr. Robert Ho Man Kwok wrote a letter to the New England Journal Magazine. In this letter, he was talking about the symptoms he experienced after eating at a Chinese restaurant. He attributed these symptoms (numbness, racing heart, weakness) to three possible causes; salt, wine or MSG. Other scientists who read this letter within a few months said they also experienced these symptoms. They also added symptoms such as lower back pain, sweating, numb jaw and dizziness to these symptoms. Chinese restaurant syndrome became popular with letters written by scientists who got sick after eating at a Chinese restaurant. After that, people started to get scared and stayed away from Chinese restaurants and MSG. However, experiments revealed that MSG is safe when consumed at normal levels. According to the placebo-controlled experiments conducted, no symptoms were observed in anyone except people with MSG sensitivity. Nowadays, the prejudice against MSG has been broken and it is not banned in any country except Pakistan. It is known that Americans consume about 500 mg of MSG per day and Asians consume about 1700 mg of MSG per day. But there is not anyone who gets sick because of MSG. Glutamic acid is one of the 20 amino acids. It is a non-essential amino acid. Therefore, it can be produced in the human body. It contains 1 amino group and 2 carboxyl groups. When dissolved in water, it is slightly acidic and usually exists in the anionic form. This anionic form gives umami taste to foods. It is also one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the human body. Glutamic acid is optically active (chiral). There are two enantiomers of it: L(+) and D(-). It tends to be exists in L(+) enantiomeric form. Its molecular weight is 147.13. It is white colored powder in the room temperature. Glutamic acid is found in high amounts in tomatoes and soy. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a technique of separation and determination. In the electrophoresis method, separation occurs based on the mobility differences of the particles under the electric field. With the production of silica columns with very small internal diameters, electrophoresis began to be performed in these columns. CE analysis done by differences of the charge/size ratio between particles. With this method, it is possible to make very rapid analysis. At the same time, low material consumption, easy application and high separation power are among its other advantages. In the CE technique, all species injected from the anode move towards the cathode, regardless of their charge. The phenomena that causes this movement is electroosmotic flow (EOF). Electroosmotic flow is the motion of the solution in the capillary due to the charge of the inner wall of the capillary. The inner wall of the capillary contains silanol groups. When these groups contact with the solution, they lose their protons and the inner wall of the capillary gains a negative charge. The positive ions of the electrolyte in the capillary and the excess H3O+ ions in the solution are localized near the wall by electrostatic attraction, creating an electric double layer and a potential difference close to the wall. That potential is called as a zeta potential. When high voltage is applied to the system, the cations of the electrical double layer begin to move rapidly towards the cathode. Since all ions in aqueous solution are surrounded by water molecules, the ions moving towards the cathode also drag the water molecules around them. Thus, a solution flow occurs in the capillary and this flow is called electroosmotic flow. In this thesis study, CE is coupled with a contactless conductivity detector (C4D). With C4D, it is possible to make very precise analysis. For this reason, it is possible to determine glutamic acid rapid and sensitively with the CE-C4D method. In the C4D detector, the electrode does not directly contact with the solution. This prevents coupling problems. The C4 D detector cell basically consists of two metal tube-shaped electrodes surrounding the capillary column. The thickness of these electrodes can vary between 2 and 30 mm. The first of the electrode is called the excitation electrode. The alternating current (AC) applied to this electrode is transferred to the column. Here it faces a resistance. From there it reaches the second electrode, the detection electrode. The resistance in the column depends on the conductivity of the substances passing through the column. Electrical signals collected at the detector electrode are amplified. The reason for the measured signal differences indicates the difference in conductivity between the buffer solution and the analyte region. There is no study in the literature that determines glutamic acid in various foods using this method. Therefore, this study aimed to find a new method that can be used in food analysis. In this study, 2-hydroxy-3-[(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)amino]propane-1-sulfonic acid (AMPSO) was used as a buffer. The buffer pH was adjusted to 8.5 with Tris. Since glutamic acid is negatively charged in aqueous solution, the separation voltage was applied negatively. Because if positive voltage was applied, the peak of glutamic acid would either come too late or would not come. Additionally, the capillary is coated with cetylpyridinium bromide, a cationic surfactant. This coating process also made the peak come faster. The buffer solution contains 50 mM AMPSO and 0.2 mM cetylpyridinium bromide. The separation voltage was determined as -28 kV. Injection was done with pressure. Injection was made with 60 mbar pressure for 0.1 minute. Before injection, the capillary was washed with buffer at 1000 mbar for 1 minute. The inner diameter of the capillary is 50 micrometers. The total length of capillary was 65 cm and effective length was 55 cm. With the developed method, the limit of detection (LOD) for glutamic acid was found to be 0.05 mg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.15 mg/L. The recovery values for the developed method are between 83.23% and 100.75%. The linear range of the calibration graph is between 0.5 mg/L and 80 mg/L and the r2 value is 0.9986. The obtained data show that this method can be used in the determination of glutamic acid.
Benzer Tezler
- L-glutamik asidin altın (III) ve civa (II) komplekslerinin kararlılıklarının potansiyometrik yöntemle incelenmesi
The Investigation of stability of L-glutamic acid gold (III) and mercury (II) complexes by potentiometric method
DİLEK ASLAN
- Orak hücreli anemide demir profili
Iron profile in sickle cell anemia
SAID HUMBATOV
Tıpta Uzmanlık
Türkçe
2023
Çocuk Sağlığı ve HastalıklarıÇukurova ÜniversitesiÇocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. GÖKSEL LEBLEBİSATAN
- Pirkle ? tip kiral kolon kromotografisi yöntemiyle biyolojik öneme sahip kiral aminlerden (±) ? ß - metilfeniletilamin' in rezolüsyonu
Preparative resolution of chiral (±) - ß - methylphenylethylamine have biolojical activity a by pirkle ? type chiral colum chromatography
REŞİT ÇAKMAK
- Sağlıklı çocuklarda dışkıda kinolon dirençli Escherichia coli taşıyıcılığının ve direnç mekanizmalarının saptanması
Detection of quinolone resistant escherichia coli carriage and resistance mechanisms in the fecal flora of healthy children
ÖZLEM GÜVEN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2007
Mikrobiyolojiİstanbul ÜniversitesiMikrobiyoloji ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF.DR. MUSTAFA SAMASTI
- İnci kefali (chalcalburnus tarichi pallas, 1811) kas ve yumurtasının kimyasal kompozisyonu ve kroket yapımı üzerinde bir araştırma
An Investigation on the chemical conposition of muscle, eggs and processing of the flesh as croquet in İnci kefali (chalcalburnus tarichi, Pallas 1811)
HÜNKAR AVNİ DUYAR
Doktora
Türkçe
2000
Su ÜrünleriEge ÜniversitesiSu Ürünleri Avlama ve İşleme Teknolojisi Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. ŞÜKRAN ÇAKLI