EPDM-polietilen malzemelerinin yapışma davranışının incelenmesi
Investigation of adhesion behavior of EPDM-polyethylene materials
- Tez No: 921976
- Danışmanlar: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ HACI ABDULLAH TAŞDEMİR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Konstrüksiyon Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 83
Özet
Havacılık sektöründe üretilen uçak komponentleri, üretim istasyonları arasında taşıma fikstürleri ile taşınmaktadır. Taşınma sürecinde komponentlerin çizilmemesi ya da hasar görmemesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Buna ek olarak fikstürlerin hafif olması da önemlidir. Taşıma fikstürlerinde, taşınan komponentleri desteklemek için polietilen (PE-100) gibi hafif malzemeler kullanılabilir. Taşınan komponentlerde taşıma sırasında oluşabilecek olası hasarları ortadan kaldırabilmek için fikstürde, taşınan komponent ile temas eden fikstür detayları komponentlere zarar vermeyecek EPDM gibi yumuşak malzemeler kullanılmadır. Fikstürler değişken atmosfer şartlarına maruz kaldığı için seçilen malzemelerin hafifliğinin yanı sıra değişken çevre şartlarına dayanımı olmalıdır. Polietilen, yoğunluğu 0,96 g/cm³, çalışma sıcaklığı -50 ve 80 °C olan ve bunlar ek olarak UV dayanımı olan çevre koşullarına dayanıklı bir malzemedir. EPDM olarak tercih edilen MN 3400, yoğunluğu 0,56 g/cm³, çalışma sıcaklığı -40 ve 80 °C olan ve bunlar ek olarak UV dayanımı olan çevre koşullarına dayanıklı, yumuşak, kimyasal dayanımı olan bir malzemedir. Polietilen ve EPDM malzemelerinin yapıştırılarak kullanıldığı fikstürlerde yapıştırma bağlantılarında ayrılma sorunları yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada taşıma fikstürlerinde kullanılan polietilen ve EPDM malzemelerinin farklı yapıştırıcı ve farklı sıcaklık koşullarında birbirleri ile yapışma davranışı incelenmiştir. Yapıştırma bağlantılarına çekme deneyi ve 90° soyma deneyi uygulanmıştır. Yapıştırıcı olarak Loctite 406 ve solvent bazlı Güçlü G-66 yapıştırıcıları kullanılmıştır. Loctite-406 yapıştırıcı ile birlikte SF770 primer uygulanmıştır. Çekme deneyi için ASTM D1002-10 ve ASTM D3163-01, soyma deneyi için ASTM D429-14 standardı referans alınarak hazırlanan numuneler Loctite 406 ve Güçlü G-66 yapıştırıcıları yapıştırılmış ve yapıştırılan numuneler -20, 0, 20 ve 40 °C sıcaklıklarda 10 gün süre ile bekletilmiştir. Bekletilme işleminden sonra numuneler oda koşullarında testler yapılmıştır. Çekme deneylerinde her iki yapıştırıcı ile yapıştırılan bütün numuneler test edildiğinde EPDM ürünün koptuğu gözlemlenmiş, yapıştırma bağlantısında herhangi bir ayrılma gözlemlenmemiştir. Soyma deneylerinde Loctite 406 ile yapıştırılan numuneler bütün numunelerde EPDM ürünün koptuğu gözlemlenmiş, Güçlü G-66 ile yapıştırılan bütün numunelerde yapıştırma bağlantısında ayrılma gözlemlenmiş ve genel olarak yapıştırıcının PE-100 malzemenin yüzeyinde abraziv hasar gözlemlenmiştir. G-66 ile yapıştırılan bağlantılarda oluşan maksimum soyma gerilmesi değerleri -20, 0, 20 ve 40 °C sıcaklıkta bekletilen numuneler için sırasıyla 108, 109, 112, 115 kPa soyulma gerilmesi değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Solvent bazlı yapıştırıcıların polietilen malzemenin yüzeyine iyi bir yapışma sağlayamadığı söylenebilir. Belirlenen -20, 0, 20 ve 40 °C koşullarında bu malzeme çifti Loctite 406 ile yapıştırılıp, yapıştırma bağlantısında bir ayrılma olmadan kullanılabileceği gözlemlenmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Aircraft components manufactured in the aviation sector are transported between production stations using transport fixtures. It is of great importance that the components are not scratched or damaged during the transport process. Therefore, materials that will not damage the components are used in the designed fixtures. It is of great importance that the transport fixtures are designed as light as possible for easy movement. The main carrier structure in the fixtures can be designed as steel or aluminum depending on the need. In order to ensure that the fixtures are light, other fixture details other than the main carrier structure should be preferred from lightweight materials. In trasnport fixtures, lightweight materials such as polyethylene (PE-100) can be used to support the components being carried. In order to eliminate possible damage to the components being carried during transportation, the fixture details that come into contact with the components being carried should be made of soft materials such as EPDM that will not damage the components. Since fixtures are exposed to variable atmospheric conditions, the materials selected should be light in addition to their resistance to variable environmental conditions. In addition to their lightness, polyethylene and EPDM materials are also preferred because they are highly resistant to variable environmental conditions. Since EPDM usually comes into contact with the components being carried in fixtures, it should be used by bonding instead of mechanical fastening with polyethylene. In this way, damage can be prevented by the fasteners coming into contact with the component. In fixtures where polyethylene and EPDM materials are used by bonding, separation problems have been experienced in adhesive connections. The main objectives of the study are to investigate the bonding strength of polyethlene and EPDM materials and analyze the effects of temperature on adhesive performance by using two distinct adhesives. Finally, an aim was made to determine the appropriate method for bonding of polyethlene and EPDM materials. In this study, PE-100 was used as polyethlene material and MN 3400 which is produced by Mega Foam Company was used as EPDM material. PE-100 is a material that can be used outdoors for a long time, with a density of 0,96 g/cm³, an operating temperature of -50 and 80 °C, and is also UV resistant, resistant to environmental conditions. Polyethylene (PE), a subclassification of the polyolefin main group, is the most popular plastic in the world. Polyethylene is a preferred plastic because it is lightweight, inexpensive, flexible, resistant to most solvents, and has good toughness at low temperatures. MN 3400 is a soft, chemically resistant material with a density of 0,56 g/cm³, operating temperatures between -40 and 80 °C, and additionally UV resistance. EPDM is a type of rubber that is resistant to heat, light and oxidation, has high resistance to acids and alkalis, and is lightweight and insulating. EPDM materials have low tensile strength. Two different adhesives were used. These are Loctite 406 and Güçlü G-66. Loctite 406 is an adhesive suitable for bonding plastics and rubbers, with a viscosity of 15-25 cP. Loctite 406 is an adhesive that starts to dry with atmospheric moisture under normal conditions. Its bonding power is high and its resistance varies according to the material to be bonded. It is an adhesive suitable for working in the temperature range of -40 to 120 °C. Using it with Loctite primer on difficult to bond surfaces such as plastic improves adhesion. Güçlü-G66 contact adhesive is a solvent based contact adhesive based on synthetic rubber. It is used in sectors such as furniture, printing, shoes and leather. It can also be used on wood, paper, EVA, EPDM, neoprene and natural materials. After the surface preparation process, the adhesive is applied to both surfaces to be bonded and the parts are left to dry for 10-15 minutes. At the end of this period, the parts are bonded together. Loctite SF770 was used as a primer for Loctite 406. Loctite SF 770 is a primer used to make low energy substrates such as polyolefin suitable for bonding with cyanoacrylate-based adhesives. It is recommended only for difficult-to-bond substrates such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and thermoplastic rubber materials. Tensile test and 90° peel test were planned to determine the strength values of adhesive joints. The aim of the tensile test was to determine the shear strength of the adhesive joint, and the purpose of the 90° peel test was to determine the peel strength of the adhesive joint. The dimensions of the 90° peel test samples were determined by referring to the ASTM D429-14 standard, and the tensile test samples were determined by referring to the ASTM D1002-10 and ASTM D3163-01 standards. The dimensions of the EPDM samples prepared for the 90° peel test were 125x25x6,3 (mm). The dimensions of the PE-100 samples were 60x25x6,3 (mm). Experiments were carried out by bonding a 25 X 25 bonding area. The dimensions of the EPDM samples and PE-100 samples prepared for the tensile test are 101,6 x 25 x 6,3 (mm). Experiments were carried out by bonding a 12,7 X 25 bonding area. PE sample materials were produced by machining, and EPDM samples were cut with a CNC Router machine. After the samples were prepared in the desired dimensions, they were washed with water and detergent to remove dirt, oil, etc. and dried. PE samples were grinded with P120 sandpaper supplied from the market. No grinding process was applied to EPDM samples. After grinding, the samples were washed again with water and detergent and dried. Adhesion areas were determined on the samples using masking tape. Adhesion surfaces were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and a clean cloth. After marking the adhesion areas and cleaning the adhesion surfaces, the samples were left at room temperature for 4-5 hours to dry completely and the samples were made ready for the adhesion process. First, the samples were prepared using G-66 adhesive. G-66 adhesive was mixed to make a homogeneous mixture before being applied to the surfaces. After the mixing process, G-66 adhesive was applied to the bonding areas determined with masking tapes in the preparation phase. A metal spatula was used to distribute the adhesive evenly on the bonding area. Care was taken to spread the adhesive completely on the bonding area. After applying the adhesive to both material surfaces, it was waited for 15 minutes and the samples were bonded together. Secondly, the samples were bonded with Loctite 406 adhesive. First, Loctite SF770 primer was applied to the surfaces to be bonded. SF770 primer was applied to the surfaces with the brush provided in the product box. The primer was allowed to dry for 15 minutes and then the adhesive was applied. Since Loctite 406 is a fast-drying adhesive, it was applied to the surface of one of the samples and the two samples were bonded together without waiting. Since Loctite 406 is a low-viscosity adhesive, no spreading process was applied to the surface after it was applied to the surface. After the bonding process, the masking tapes were removed. To perform the experiments, 8 different types of samples were produced for the peel test and 8 different types for the tensile test. In order to ensure the reliability of the results obtained from the experiments, 4 samples of each sample type were produced and a total of 64 samples were produced. The bonded samples were kept at room temperature for 1 week. After the one-week process, the samples at -20 and 0 °C were kept in the deep freezer, the samples at 20 °C were kept in the laboratory environment and the samples at 40 °C were kept in the oven for 10 days and then the experiments were carried out. Tensile tests were performed at a constant speed of 25 mm/min. By attaching support pieces to the samples, it was aimed to eliminate the eccentricity originating from the structure of the samples and to minimize the bending stresses and moments that may occur, so that the load would affect the adhesion area more uniformly. Peeling tests were carried out at a constant speed of 50 mm/min. For the test, a test fixture was produced by taking the test fixture shown in the ASTM D429 standard as reference and tests were carried out using this fixture. Four test samples were prepared for each adhesive and each temperature condition. The results were determined by selecting the 3 most significant values from the obtained results. In tensile tests, when all samples bonded with both adhesives were tested, it was observed that the EPDM product broke, and no separation was observed in the adhesive bond. In peel tests, it was observed that the EPDM product broke in all samples bonded with Loctite 406, separation was observed in the adhesive bond in all samples bonded with Güçlü G-66, and in general, abrasive damage was observed on the surface of the PE-100 material of the adhesive. The maximum peel stress values formed in the connections bonded with G-66 were calculated as 108, 109, 112, 115 kPa peel stress values for the samples kept at -20, 0, 20 and 40 °C, respectively. It can be said that solvent-based adhesives cannot provide good adhesion to the surface of the polyethylene material. It was observed that this material pair can be bonded with Loctite406 and used without separation in the adhesive bond at the specified -20, 0, 20 and 40°C conditions.
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