Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Camii koruma projesi
Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Mosque conservation project
- Tez No: 957714
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. UMUT ALMAÇ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Restorasyon Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 266
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Osmanlı mimarisinin 19. yüzyılda oryantalist etkiler altında inşa edilen örneklerinden biri olan Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Camii'nde mimari belgeleme çalışmalarıyla koruma sorunlarının tespiti ve yapının geleceğe güvenle aktarılması amacıyla koruma önerilerinin geliştirilmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında, yapının tarihsel süreç içerisindeki gelişimi araştırılarak benzer dönem yapılarıyla karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmış; plan özellikleri, mimari özellikleri ve süsleme unsurları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Yapı; önceki yüzyıllarda varlığı bilinen ancak 1865 Hocapaşa yangınıyla yok olan Uzun Şüca Mescidi'nin arsasında cami, türbe, hazire, meşruta ve abdest alma alanlarından oluşan bir külliye olarak inşa edilmiştir.Çalışma kapsamında külliyede yer alan diğer yapıların tarihsel süreçte geçirdiği değişimler ele alınmıştır.Aynı zamanda çalışma kapsamında 19.yy cami mimarisi ve sekizgen plan şemasına sahip benzer dönem yapıları incelenerek Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Cami'nin çağdaşı olan diğer yapılarla olan ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Yapının araştırılması ve belgelenmesi sürecinde arşiv taramaları, fotoğraf temelli belgeleme, lazer tarama ve detaylı ölçüm teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Yapının mevcut durumu, mimari belgeleme sürecinde elde edilen verilerle hazırlanan ölçekli çizimler(plan, kesit, cephe, detay vb.) ile ifade edilmiştir. Yapımda kullanılan taş, ahşap, sıva ve metal gibi geleneksel yapı malzemelerinin yapı içinde kullanım alan ve biçimlerinin tespit edilmesiyle malzeme analizleri, gözlemlenen bozulma ve hasarların sınıflandırılması ve ölçekli çizimlere aktarılmasıyla hasar analizleri hazırlanmıştır. Arşiv araştırmalarıyla öncelikle yapının tarihiyle ilgili bilgiler edinilmiştir.Bu araştırmalar ve yapı üzerindeki izlerin yardımıyla yapının geçmişte geçirdiği onarımlar değerlendirilmiş, yapı bütünlüğüne zarar veren uygulamalar tespit edilmiştir. Caminin özgün durumuna yönelik araştırmalar, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi, Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri, eski haritalar ve fotoğraflar, döneme ait diğer yazılı ve görsel kaynaklar ve dönem yapılarıyla karşılaştırmalar doğrultusunda yapılmıştır. Restorasyon projesiyle birlikte yapının korunması amacıyla gerekli temizleme, sağlamlaştırma, yenileme ve kullanıma yönelik müdahale önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Yapıya ilişkin restorasyon önerileri, uluslararası koruma ilkeleri (Venedik Tüzüğü, ICOMOS İlkeleri ve Tüzükleri, UNESCO Kültürel Miras Koruma İlkeleri vb.) ve yerel mevzuatlar çerçevesinde şekillendirilmiş, minimum müdahale ile özgün malzeme ve yapım tekniğinin korunmasına öncelik verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Camii, 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı mimarisinde oryantalist etkilerin görüldüğü iç ve dış süslemeleri, plan şeması ve malzeme özellikleri ile korunması gerekli kültür varlığıdır. Camide yapılan yanlış müdahaleler, niteliksiz onarımlar ve çevresel koşullardan kaynaklanan bozulmaların giderilmesi, yapının işlevine uygun olarak özgün haliyle yaşatılabilmesi için öncelikli müdahale kararları belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla tarihi yapıya zarar vermeyecek şekilde gerekli müdahalelerin geleneksel yöntemlerle gerçekleştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile yapının güncel durumu bilimsel bir çerçevede belgelenerek yapıyı korumak üzere koruma önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Önerilen müdahalelerle yapının özgün mimari özelliklerini, günümüz koruma ilkeleriyle uyumlu biçimde geleceğe aktarılmasını hedeflenmektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
The 19th century was a period during which the Ottoman Empire underwent profound changes in its political, economic and cultural spheres. The Westernization movements that beganinthis period and accelerated in the subsequent periods also manifested themselves in architectural styles and a new stylistic understanding emerged, in which the classical Ottoman architectural tradition and Western influences were synthesised. Mosque architecture was one of the areas where these changes were most clearly observable. In the 19th century, under the influence of Western-centered Orientalist discourse, anew architectural style emerged in Ottoman architecture, in which traditional forms were reinterpreted with historical references and Eastern aesthetic elements were consciously incorporated as a means of representation. One of the early examples of this style in Istanbul was the complex of Grand Vizier Keçecizade Fuat Paşa, a prominent follower of the Tanzimat and Westernisation programs. Built in the early 1870s, the complex comprises buildings with various functions. This study aims to identify the conservation issues of Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Mosque, a notable example of Ottoman architecture built under the influence of Orientalism in the 19th century, through architectural documentation studies and to develop conservation recommendations to ensure the building's preservation for future generations. Within the scope of the study, the development of the building in the historical context was investigated and analysed comparatively with similar period buildings. Plan features, architectural features and ornamental elements were discussed in detail. To ensure the sustainability of the building through the restoration project, necessary cleaning, consolidation, renovation, and intervention proposals for its use have been developed. Archival research, photogrammetry, laser scanning and detailed measurement techniques were applied to document the building. The current condition of the building was expressed in scaled drawings (plan, section, facade, detail, etc.) prepared with the data obtained during the architectural documentation process. Material analyses were conducted by determining the use of traditional building materials, such as stone, wood, plaster, and metal, in the building. The observed deterioration and damage have been classified and indicated on the scaled drawings as well. Through archival research and on-site observations, the repairs the building has undergone in the past were evaluated, and the practices that damaged its authenticity and integrity were identified. Research on the original state of the mosque was conducted in accordance with the General Directorate of Foundations Archive, Ottoman archival documents, old maps and photographs, as well as other written and visual sources from the period and comparisons with period buildings. The restoration proposals for the building have been developed within the framework of international conservation principles (the Venice Charter, ICOMOS Principles and Regulations, and UNESCO Cultural Heritage Conservation Principles, etc.) as well as local legislation. Priority has been given to preserving the original materials and construction techniques. The Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Mosque was part of a complex that includes a mausoleum, graveyard, entail, and ablution areas. The construction date of the mosque varies according to different sources. It is assumed that the mosque was built after Fuat Paşa's death in 1869. The mosque was built in orientalist style. The primary feature that enables the mosque to be treated in this style is the use of window and door openings with horseshoe arches. The tripartite arrangement with the addition of round windows is reminiscent of some Mamluk facades in Egypt. Built with masonry construction technique, the building features an octagonal plan and is topped with a single dome. The dome is covered with lead sheets, devoid of windows or openings, and a copper finial (alem) is positioned on top. The minaret sits on a cut stone base with a plan scheme close to square and is built entirely of limestone. The minbar, mihrab, and pulpit are the architectural elements that have survived to the present day, preserving their authenticity. While the minbar draws attention with its intense use of geometric elements and floral motifs, it is decorated with fine marble artistry. The mihrab is arranged as a niche in the southeastern wall of the building and is constructed entirely of marble. The pulpit has an octagonal plan scheme and is designed in a more straightforward style. The building receives natural light through four horseshoe arched windows. The windows are positioned in a rectangular niche framed by moldings. The main walls and dome in the interior space are adorned with rich compositions featuring yellow, red, and blue tones. In the centre of the dome, a decorative ornamental element made of plaster features relief floral ornamentation. The types of deterioration detected in the mosque include repairs made using inadequate materials, dirt on stone surfaces resulting from air pollution, improper additions to the building, and biological formations caused by moisture. The prevalence of cement-based pointing on the exterior facades of the building and the minaret shaft was observed, and it was determined that this intervention caused deterioration on the stone surfaces. Due to air pollution, dark layers of dirt have accumulated on the stone surfaces of the building, resulting in significant discolouration, particularly at the base of the minaret. Various biological formations are observed in the pedestal section of the building due to the increased humidity. Corrosion was evident on the lead coatings on the central dome and minaret cone, and detachments were detected at the joints of the lead plates. The presence of different coloured lead plates near the dome skirt indicates previous repair interventions in these areas. Similar deterioration was observed on the minaret cone. The decorations on the interior facades of the building are generally in good condition; however, plaster and paint losses can be observed in limited areas. Traces of earlier period decoration are visible in some places where plaster detachment is present. In addition, historic photographs of the building uncovered during research carried out in the Archive of the Council revealed the presence of marble imitation plaster and various decorative patterns on the walls. Detailed research, including non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, is recommended in these areas to understand the extent and condition of any possible original architectural and decorative elements. Critical or evident structural issues were not detected; however, documentation using accurate laser scanning tools revealed that the minaret deviated from the vertical by approximately 14 cm in the east ward direction. According to archival documents, the shaft on the balcony and the balustrades of the minaret were repaired in 1970 under the supervision of the Pious Foundation Directorate. Dirt on the surfaces, cracks and material losses were observed on the minaret's balcony railings due to environmental factors, precipitation and atmospheric conditions. These critical areas should be handled meticulously during the restoration process. To evaluate the structural condition of the mosque, the characteristics of the building's foundations should be determined through inspection pits during the restoration process. Additionally, the ground properties on which the building is located should be assessed using ground surveys. In conclusion, Keçecizade Fuat Paşa Mosque is one of the most important historical buildings of 19th-century Ottoman architecture, characterised by its interior and exterior ornaments, plan scheme, and construction materials. The building, which has maintained its original function to this day, has undergone various interventions and inadequate repairs at different times. Within the scope of this study, it was determined that by preserving its authenticity, historic and aesthetic values. Conservation proposals aim to eliminate or prevent the damages caused by unqualified repairs, careless use and the physical conditions in which it is located. Accordingly, in light of contemporary conservation approaches and principles, the original materials should be conserved with minimum intervention as possible. This research has documented the current condition of the building on a scientific basis and developed comprehensive conservation recommendations within the framework of restoration theory, thereby ensuring the building's sustainability. The proposed interventions aim to preserve the original architectural character of the building while adapting it for the future, in accordance with current conservation principles. At the same time, the analyses and proposed restoration approach aim to establish a precedent for the conservation of similar historic buildings.
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