Farklı puzolanik katkıların betonun mekanik özelliklerine ve durabilitesine etkisi
Effect of different pozzolanic additives on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete
- Tez No: 972844
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. HASAN YILDIRIM
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Yapı Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Bu çalışma, beton karışımlarında mineral bağlayıcı bileşen olarak çimentoya eklenen uçucu kül (UK) ve öğütülmüş granüle yüksek fırın cürufu (ÖGYFC) katkılarının betonun dayanım, geçirgenlik ve kalıcılık özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Betonun sürdürülebilirliğini ve çevresel etkilere karşı direncini artırmak amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışma kapsamında, farklı oranlarda mineral katkı içeren toplam sekiz farklı beton karışımı laboratuvar ortamında üretilmiş ve çeşitli deneysel testlere tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmada, öncelikle basınç dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve 7. ile 28. günlerde elde edilen sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir. Uçucu kül katkısı içeren beton numunelerinde, 28 günlük dayanım değerleri referans betona kıyasla benzer ya da daha yüksek sonuçlar vermiştir. Bu durum, uçucu külün çimentonun bir kısmını ikame ederek dayanımı olumsuz etkilemediğini, aksine özellikle uzun vadede olumlu katkılar sağladığını göstermektedir. Bazı ÖGYFC içeren karışımlarda ise basınç dayanımı beklenen düzeye ulaşmamıştır, bu da mineral katkıların etkisinin katkı oranına ve diğer karışım bileşenlerine bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kılcal su emme deneyleri sonucunda, uçucu külün betonun su emme kapasitesini artırabileceği, buna karşın özgül yüzeyi daha yüksek olan ÖGYFC katkılarının su geçirmezlik üzerinde daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Hızlı klorür geçirimlilik testleri ise her iki mineral katkının da betonun geçirgenliğini düşürdüğünü ve bu sayede çevresel etkilerden korunmasını artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, özellikle deniz yapıları, köprü temelleri gibi agresif ortamlara maruz kalan yapı elemanlarında önemlidir. Sülfat etkisi testlerinde, numuneler magnezyum sülfat çözeltisine maruz bırakılmış ve dayanım ile ağırlık değişimleri izlenmiştir. Uçucu kül katkılı karışımlar, sülfat etkisi altında dayanımda belirgin bir artış gösterirken, bazı ÖGYFC içeren betonlarda bu etki daha sınırlı kalmıştır. Eğilme dayanımı testleri sonucunda, özellikle UK içeren karışımların çatlak oluşumuna karşı daha dayanıklı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ultra-ses hızı verileri ise betonun içyapısındaki boşlukların ve mikro yapı yoğunluğunun değerlendirilmesi açısından faydalı sonuçlar sunmuştur. Genel olarak, çalışma bulguları, çimentoya mineral katkı maddelerinin eklenmesinin betonun dayanıklılık özellikleri üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak her katkı türü ve oranı, beton performansını aynı düzeyde etkilememekte; bu nedenle uygun katkı tipi ve miktarının karışım tasarımına göre dikkatli şekilde seçilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu çalışma, özellikle çevresel etkilerin yoğun olduğu bölgelerde dayanıklı ve sürdürülebilir beton karışımlarının tasarlanmasına katkı sağlayabilecek niteliktedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Concrete, widely used in the modern construction industry, is regarded as one of the fundamental load-bearing elements of structures due to its durability, longevity, and versatile properties. However, the long-term performance of concrete is not solely dependent on its mechanical strength. Its resistance to environmental factors plays a critical role in maintaining its performance and structural integrity. Concrete exposed to chemical effects such as sulfates, chlorides, and acid rain may lose its structural integrity over time, significantly shortening the service life of structures. Therefore, chemical durability emerges as one of the essential properties sought in concrete design. The most commonly used binder material in concrete production is Portland cement. Portland cement serves as a primary component that provides mechanical strength to concrete and initiates chemical reactions. However, the production of Portland cement poses a significant sustainability challenge due to its high energy consumption and environmental impact. Cement production accounts for approximately 8% of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, exacerbating the environmental impact of the construction industry. In light of increasing environmental awareness and sustainability goals, it has become essential to develop innovative solutions to reduce the environmental burden of cement production and minimize the carbon footprint of concrete. In recent years, efforts to minimize environmental impacts have encouraged the use of alternative binder materials in concrete production. Green concrete and sustainable construction materials offer significant potential for reducing carbon emissions while enhancing the chemical durability of concrete. These alternative binders include materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), silica fume, and natural pozzolans. These materials can partially or entirely replace Portland cement, reducing environmental impacts while improving the resistance of concrete to sulfate and chloride ions. Nevertheless, the performance of concrete is not solely determined by the binder materials used. Factors such as mix proportions, production conditions, workability, and placement techniques also directly influence durability. Optimizing these parameters correctly enhances the mechanical strength and chemical resistance of concrete, enabling the construction of long-lasting and environmentally friendly structures. Concrete, an indispensable material in modern construction, forms the backbone of structures due to its strength, durability, and versatility. However, various external factors, environmental conditions, and the properties of the materials used in its composition significantly affect the performance of concrete in its fresh and hardened states. This study focuses on examining the effects of different mineral additives within the concrete mix on its fresh and hardened properties. The primary objective of the study is to comprehensively evaluate concrete performance through various experimental methods. The strength and durability of concrete, when exposed to aggressive environmental conditions such as sulfates and chlorides, largely depend on the properties of mineral additives incorporated into the cement matrix. In this context, the behavior of concrete against environmental effects, achieved through the use of materials like cement, fly ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag, has been thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) solution on the strength of concrete constitute a significant part of this study. This study aims to comprehensively examine the effects of various mineral binder components, particularly ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA), added to the cement binder, on the durability characteristics of concrete. A total of 8 different concrete mixes were prepared for this research, and a series of experimental studies were conducted on these mixes. The proportions of the mineral components used were carefully determined to assess how they affect the microstructure, mechanical strength, and resistance to environmental impacts of concrete. The study was carried out both in laboratory conditions and on samples exposed to environmental conditions. This research was designed to investigate the behavior of concrete samples produced with different materials in both their fresh and hardened states. The study involved the use of cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, formaldehyde-based water reducers, and magnesium sulfate solution. Cement served as the primary binder in concrete, and its properties were examined in detail. Fly ash, with its pozzolanic properties, enhanced the strength of the concrete and had positive effects on the microstructure. Ground granulated blast furnace slag was used as an additive to improve the microstructure of concrete and contribute to durability performance. Formaldehyde-based water reducers were included in the concrete mix to enhance the workability of fresh concrete and prevent segregation. Magnesium sulfate solution was used to test the resistance of concrete samples under sulfate exposure and to evaluate their resistance to environmental impacts. In this study, the performance of concrete samples was evaluated using various testing methods. First, the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM 1202-10) was performed to examine the chloride ion permeability behavior of concrete. This test provided important data regarding the concrete's ability to protect against environmental impacts. Next, compressive strength tests were conducted on the hardened concrete samples, and the load-bearing capacity of the concrete was analyzed in accordance with engineering standards. To assess the properties of fresh concrete, measurements were made for workability, consistency, and segregation resistance, and the performance of the concrete during application was analyzed. To determine flexural strength and elasticity, a Three-Point Bending Test was applied. This test served as a crucial tool for evaluating the concrete's resistance to crack development and its elasticity. The homogeneity of the concrete samples and the characteristics of cracks in the internal structure were examined using ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Ultrasonic speed measurements provided detailed insights into the internal structural defects of the concrete. Finally, the Capillary Water Absorption Test was conducted to investigate the water absorption behavior and the pore structure in the microstructure of the concrete. This test offered valuable information on the concrete's performance and durability when exposed to water. Detailed analyses were conducted on the mix proportions of the produced samples and the properties of the materials used, with the findings from various experiments carefully evaluated. The primary objective of the study was to understand the effects of different mineral additives and aggressive environmental conditions on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. To achieve this goal, the proportions of cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and chemical additives used in the concrete mix were optimized, and the role of these materials in adapting to environmental conditions and their performance was examined in depth. As a result of the experimental studies, it was determined that material selection plays a critical role in the strength and durability of concrete under harsh environmental conditions such as sulfate and chloride exposure. The effects of magnesium sulfate solution and chloride ions on the concrete structure were analyzed in detail. An important outcome of the study was that optimizing the proportion of mineral additives in concrete design, tailored to environmental conditions, increases long-term durability and preserves structural integrity. The findings demonstrate how crucial material selection and proportioning are in combating environmental impacts in concrete design, providing valuable data for optimizing material designs. This study sheds light on more durable and sustainable material approaches to enhance concrete performance. All the experimental work and analyses comprehensively revealed the effects of different materials on the durability, permeability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of concrete. The research has made a significant contribution to understanding the role of materials used in concrete design and developing more durable concrete mixes resistant to environmental effects. The performance of both fresh and hardened concrete, its resistance to environmental impacts, and the contribution of the materials to the microstructure were carefully evaluated, and the effects of various mineral additives on concrete performance were comprehensively presented.
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