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Samsun ve çevresinde yetişen yenilebilen doğal mantarların bileşimi üzerine bir araştırma

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 24928
  2. Yazar: TAMAY ŞEKER
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. İSMET ŞAHİN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Gıda Mühendisliği, Food Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1992
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Gıda Bilimi ve Teknolojisi Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 118

Özet

ÖZET Bilindiği gibi insan beslenmesinde mikroorganizmalar çok eskilerden bu yana önemli rol oynamıştır. Günümüzde ulaşılan teknik gelişmeler bu önemi daha da artırmıştır. Mikroorganizmaların insan beslenmesindeki önemi ya doğrudan yarar veya zararına, yada dolaylı etkilerine dayanmaktadır. Doğrudan yararlı ve zararlı etkileri ise bunların besin maddesi olarak kullanılmaları veya besin zehirlenmelerine ve bozulmalarına neden olmalarından kaynaklanır. insan besini olarak kullanılan ve bilinçsiz tüketildiğinde zehirlenmelere de yol açan mikroorganizmaların basında yemeklik mantarlar gelir. Doğada çok -Farklı cins ve türden yenebilen mantarlar yanında; bunlara asın benzerlik gösteren ve kolayca ayırt edilemeyen zehirli mantarlar da oldukça yaygındır. Ayrıca giderek artan çevre kirliliği yenebilen mantarlarda tehlikeli bulaşmalara yol açabilmektedir. Ancak yenebilen mantarlar bileşimleri yönünden, hayvansal besin maddelerine yakın besleyici değere sahiptir. îste bu durumları dikkate alarak Samsun ve yakın çevresinde halkın yemeklik olarak kullandığı doğal mantarları belirlemek, bunların bileşimleri ile kültür mantarlarını karşılaştırmak ve kendi aralarında olabilecek bileşim farkları ile, çevre kirliliğinin ve yetişme yöresinin mantar bileşimine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla bu çalışma yapılmıştır.Araştırmanın amacına uygun olarak Samsun, Ordu, Giresun ve Amasya il sınırları içinden olacak şekilde 33 mantar örneği temin edilerek incelemeye alınmıştır. Şapka renk, sekil ve büyüklüğü, sap renk ve sekli, lamellerin veya tüplerin yapısı ve mikroskopik inceleme sonunda bu mantarların Agaricus campestris, Armillariella mel lea, Cantharel lus cibarius, Clavaria botrytis.Cl itocybe nebularis, Hydnum imbr icatum,Hydnum repandum, Lactarius delicious, L.piperatus, L. volemus ve PolyporuB squamosus cins ve türlerine dahil oldukları saptanmıştır. Agaricus campestris' in meyve ağırlığı 5.7-161.8 g arasında, ortalama 44.8 g;şapka boyutları 2.3 - 19.2 cm, ortalama 6.2 - 10.7 cm; sap çapı 1.4 - 2.8 cm, ortalama 1.8 cm ve sap uzunluğu 1.4-16 cm, ortalama 5.4 cm bulunmuştur. Altı örneğin ortalaması olarak kuru madde miktarı 'A 9.26, protein V. 5.38, indirgen madde '/. 0.3 ve kül miktarı V. 1.11 olarak saptanmıştır, örneklerin C-vitamini içeriği 5.9 - 68 mg /100 g arasında değişmiş, dört örnekte nitrat belirlenememiş, bir örnekte 4.29, diğerinde ise 145.3 mg/100 g nitrat saptanmıştır. örneklerin 100 g yenebilen kısmında Fosfor 123.5 rng'ın üzerinde ve orta lama 141.3 mg olarak bulunmuştur. Aynı şekilde Mg 7.96-17.91 mg, ortalama 13.36 mg; kalsiyum 4.06-6.6 mg, ortalama 5.02 mg;çinko 1.47-4.47 mg, ortalama 2.8 mg; bakır 0.61-4.41 mg, ortalama 1.92 mg; demir 0.87-3.62 mg, ortalama 1.74 mg ve mangan iz-0. 07 mg, ortalama 0.01 mg bulunmuştur. Bakırda yüksek değerler, Karadeniz Bakır İşletmelerine ait araziden alınmış örneklerdesaptanmış olup, çevre kirliliğinin sonucu olarak belirmiştir. Böylece A. campestris madensel maddeler ve protein bakımından beslenmeye uygun bir tür olarak belirlenmiştir. Armillariella melles türüne ait tek örneğin meyve ağırlığı 22 - 58.6 g, şapka çapı 5.7 - 10. 6 cm, sap çapı 1.4 cm ve sap boyu 9.4 cm olarak saptanmıştır. Kuru madde V. 10.15 ile oldukça zengin, protein '/. 3.6 ile kaynak bilgilere uygun bir türdür. Kül miktarı ise V. 0.95* le normal düzeydedir. C - vitamini miktarı 7.6 mg, nitrat ise 12 mg düzeyinde saptanmıştır. Fosforca oldukça zengin

Özet (Çeviri)

6. SUMMARY As it is known, microorganisms allways played very important role in human nutrition. They became even more important with the todays technological developments. The importance o-F microorganisms in human nitrition depends upon either their direct bene-Fits and harms or on their indirect e-F-Fects. Bene-Fits of microorganisms may be their usage as -Food and in -Food production or processi ng;on the other hand they can cause -Food spoilage and -food poisoning, which may be harm-Ful -For human health. Edible mushrooms are one o-F the important microbial -Food sources -For human nutrition, but i-F they are consumed unconsciously may cause -Food poisoning too. Even though there are plenty o-F varieties and species o-F naturaly growing mushrooms in nature, at the same time it is possible to -Find poisonous species, which may show very similar appearance to edible ones. Besides increased environmental pollutions can cause harm-Ful spoilage o-F edible varieties. Howewer nutritive value o-F edible mushrooms found very close to the animal sourced foods. By taking all these conditions into consideration this research was conducted in order to determine characteristics and define naturally growing edible mushrooms, consumed by the population in Samsun and surroundings; to compare their compositions with the cultured mushrooms and- 100 within themselves; and to find out the effects o-F environmental pollution and growth arsa on the composition of mushrooms. Thirty three mushrooms samples, suitable to the aim of research, were obtained from Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Amasya provinces and investigated. After examining the color, shape, size of the caps, stalks and the structure of the tubules and following the microscopic studies it was found that these musrooms are belong to Agaricus campestris, Armi 1 lar iel la mel lea, Cantharellus cibarius, Clavaria botrytis, Clitocybe nebularis, Hydnum imbricatum, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius delicious, Lactarius piperatUB, Lactarius volemus and Polyporus squamosus species. Agaricus campestriss The fruit weight of this species is changed in between 5.7-161,8 g with an average of 44.8g;si2e of cap is found between 2.3-19*2 cm and averaged 6.2-10.7 cm. Diameter of the stalk changed in between 1.4-2.8 cm, average was 1.8 cm. The length of the stalk was found between 1.4-16 cm, and average is 5.4 cm. As an average of six samples dry matter was 9.26%, protein 5. 38'/., re due i ng substance 0.3 V. and ash was found 1.11'/.. Vitamin C content of the samples changed in between 5.9-68 mg/100g and nitrate was determined in 4 samples, one of the samples had 4.29mg/100g nitrate and the other one had 145.3mg/100g nitrate. It was also found that lOOg edible part of mushrooms contains above 123. 5g phosphore with an average of 141. 3mg/100g. Other elements found in this mushroom sample are- 101 - as -Follows: Magnesium is between 7.96-17.91 mg, averaging 13.36mg; Ca 4.06-6.6 mg with an average o-F 5.02 mg; Zn is 1.47- 3.9Bmg with an average o-f 2.8mg;Fe is 0.87-3.62mg, averaging 1.74mg;Mn is between trace amount-0.07mg with average o-f O.Olmg and Cu 0.61-4.41mg with an average o-f 1.92mg. Samples taken -from the lands around the Karadeniz Cupper Factories had the highest Cu content because o-f environmental pollution. As a result A.campestris can be accepted as good -food with its rich minerals and protein content. The only one sample o-f Armi 1 lariel la mel lea species had -fruit weigth in between 22-58. 6g; diameter o-f the stalk was 1.4 cm and the length 9.4cm. Dry matter was high with 10.15V. value, protein content was 3.6% and close to the literature findings. This kind had a high amount o-f reducing substance with a value.1.14%. Its ash content is within normal values with a figure o-f 0.95%. Vitamin C content is 7.6 mg and nitrate content is 12 mg. This kind has very high P content (101.9 mg), Mg (8.7 mg) and Ca (4.34 mg) contents are at enough levels. Zn content is 1. 38 mg, Fe 0.78 mg, Cu 0.45 mg and Mn content is at trace amounts. The average -fruit weight o-f Cantharellus cibarius samples is 13.5 g, average diameter of the cap is 3.7 - 5.1 cm, average stalk diameter is 1.4 cm and stalk length is 3.5 cm. The average amount of the dry substance is 8.69 %, protein is 1.51 %, reducing substance is 0.28 '/., and ash is 0.92 %.- 102 - The amount o-F vitamin C at 100 g edible portion o-F the samples varies in between 2.2 - 4.4 mg. Two o-F the samples are nitrate ?frse, but other three contain 3.62 mg, 12.34 mg and 14.52 mg nitrate. The amounts o-f various minerals in 100 g -Fresh C.cibarius species are as follows: P is in between 28.8-55 mg, Ca 2.14-6.5 mg, Fe 2.04-3.08 mg, Mg 6.07-11.78 mg, Cu 0.22-0.46 and Mn trace - 0.53 mg. According to these -Findings C. cibarius as -Food, has low protein levels but rich in minerals, especialy content o-F Mn levels is high. The -Fruit weight o-F Clavaria botrytis changes in between 27.6-255.8 g, height o-F -Fruit is 5-14 cm and width 6.5-15 cm. This species has low dry matter with 7.3 '/., protein content is 1.24 V. and very close to the amount o-F protein in C.cibarius. Average o-F reducing substance is 0.68“/. and ash is 0.49 54. So this is the mushroom species with lowest ash persentage. This kind dosen't contain vitamin C and nitrate is -Found in only one sample at low level. Phosphore level in lOOg edible part is lower than the other kind's; 29.8 mg.Ca content is rather good (6.6 mg);among other minerals 9.02 mg Mg,1.17 mg Zn, 1.04 mg Fe, 0.35 mg Cu and 0.08 mg Mn were determined. Clitocybe nebularis; the -Fruit weight is 82.62g,cap diameter is 2.5 cm and stalk length is 13.5cm. Protein -Found was 3.65%, ash 0.9554, dry substance 8.84'/. and nitrate was.Free. The amount o-F vitamin C at 100 g edible portion was 5. 4mg. Phosphore was high with 81.6mg,Mg (15.77mg) and Ca- 103 - (8.43mg) -Follows it. In addition the species -Found was e-f-Ficient -From the point o-f Fe (2.35mg),Cu (0.42mg) and Zn . Hydnum kind is examined on two samples each one representing two di-F-Ferent species. One o-F them is Hydnum imbricatum species, it's -Fruit weight is changing between 23-189.1 g, cap size is 6.5-19.5 cm, stalk diameter is 2.5-3 cm and stalk length is about 5.4-7 cm. In H.repandum species these value are as -Follows; 15.1-73.1 g, 3-8 cm, 1.2-3 cm and 2.5-3 cm respectively. From the stand point o-F chemical composition, dry substance, protein, and ash contente they are similar to each other. For example H. imbricatum contains 10.1 V. dry substance, 2.12% protein, 0.64 '/. ash and H.repandum contains 10.8 '/. dry substance, 2.12 '/. protein and 0.69 V. ash. The amounts o-F reducing substance are very di-F-Ferent with 0.47 V. and 1.03 '/.. The amount o-F minerals in 100 g o-F -Fresh edible part o-F H. imbricatum and H.repandum species are as -Follows P; 4.04 mg - 46.5 mg,Mg; 13.7 mg - 7.7 mg,Ca;9.23 mg - 4.53 mg,Fe; 0.63 mg - 1.32 mg, Zn; 5.02 mg - 0.61 mg,Cu; 0.25 mg - 0.23 mg and Mn; 0.2 mg - 0.11 mg. These Mn levels are high when compared with other mushroom kind. The examples o-F Lactarius species are totaly 15; which takes -First row among the edible naturaly growing mushroom varieties and this number makes, about the hal-F o-F the whole samples. These samples showed characters of 3 di-F-Ferent species and named as L. delicious, L.piperatus and L.volemus.- 104 - L. delicious represented with 3 samples to exam and it was found that the average -Fruit weight of this species is 45.9 g, average cap size is 2.2-13.3 cm, stalk diameter 0.6-2.5 cm and stalk length is 1.7- 6.3 cm. Chemical composition as average values are for dry substance 11 '/., for protein 3.37 %, for reducing substance 0.4 V. and for ash 0.84 ”/., 7 mg vitamin C and 7.55 mg nitrate were also found. The content of P(73.B mg) and Mg (15.04 mg) were high. As it is determined Ca was 3.94 mg, Fe was 1.67 mg, Zn was 1.07 mg and Cu 0.29 mg,it*s Mn average was 0.06 mg. Average fruit weight of L.piperatus varies in between 2.36-132.4 g. It's cap diameter is 2.1-13.5 cm, stalk diameter is 0.7 - 3.1 cm and stalk length is 2 - 7 cm. Compositional averages of B samples of this species are; dry substance 13.34 '/., protein 3.77 */., ash 1.04 */., reducing substance 0.67 % and this values were found higher as compared with other kinds. Half of the samples did not have vitamin C and it was at very low amounts in other half. In one samples 118.1 mg nirate is found, in an other sample nitrate was 0.35 mg and no nitrate was determine in the other six sample. This species was rich in Mg (8.06 mg) and P(71.9 mg), also in Fe ( 1. 34 mg) and Zn (2.09 mg). Calcium level is low (3.07 mg), amount of cupper is 0.84 mg and Mn is found 0.05 mg. The fruit weight of Lactarius volemus species is in between 1-14.5 g, cap diameter is 1.7-7.6 cm, stalk diameter is- 105 0.5-1.7 cm and stalk length is 1.6-6 cm. As an average o-f 4 samples chemical composition o-F this species is as -fallows} dry matter content is 15.7 V. which is a very high value; protei n is 2.94“/. (a little low), ash content is high with 1.32 '/. and reducing substance content is 0.31 V. which considered as normal value. The amounts o-F vitamin C and nitrate are very low. This species is very rich in P,Mg,Ca and their amounts in lOOg -fresh mushroom are 102.9 mg, 12.84 mg and 10.31 mg respectively. Fe, Cu, Zn are also -found at high persentage. Their amounts are 2.76 mg, 0.67 mg, 3.25 mg in the same order. All 3 kinds of the LactariuB species constitutes the milky mushroom. First two kinds have bitter taste and they are dif-ficult to digest. Despite it's a milky mushroom, l_. vol emus is the only one species that can be eaten raw. In Polyporus squamosus species only sample is examined. It's average -Fruit weight varies 41.1-196,8 g, cap diameter is in between 10.3 - 24.6 cm. Stalk diameter is 3 an and length is 8 cm. Especialy stalk has a hard structure and it belongs to group o-f tubed mushrooms and contains 7.99 '/. dry substance, 2.75 ”/. protein, 0.72 '/. ash and 0,14 '/. reducing substance. It's very rich in vitamin C and 100 g o-f -fresh mushroom contain 48 mg vitamin C. Amount o-f nitrate is 58.1 mg. It's also rich in P, Mg and Ca. It contains very much Zn

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