Kalite güvencesi sistemleri ve Türkiye'deki uygulamalar
Quality assurance and its application in Türkiye
- Tez No: 39513
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. SELAHADDİN ANIK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 143
Özet
ÖZET Hazırlanmış bulunan bu tezde kalite kavramı ele alınarak toplam kalite ve kalite yönetimi üzerine çalışılmıştır. Kalite Yönetimi içerisinde kalite güvencesi ve ISO 9000 Kalite Güvencesi Sistem Standartları detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Kalite kontrol faaliyetleri içerisinde önemli bir yer tutan muayenenin kalite güvencesi ile ilişkisi vurgulanmıştır. Birinci bölümde, kalite anlayışının gelişimi ele alınarak kalite güvencesi sistemi ve muayene kavramına bu yeni anlayışla yaklaşılmış teze kısa bir giriş yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, kaliteyi oluşturan elemanlar verilmiş ve toplam kalite kontrol una geçilmiştir. Toplam kalite kontrolün yerleştirilmesi ve gerçekleştirilmesi ele alınmıştır. Bu kavramlar para ile bütünleştirilmiş ve kalite maliyetleri üzerine çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, kalite güvencesi sisteminin amacına yönelinmiştir. Kalite güvencesi sistemi, yönetimde sistem yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. ISO 9000 Kalite Güvencesi Sistem Standartları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Kalite güvencesi sistemi sertif ikalandırılmasında izlenecek yollar ayrıntılı olarak irdelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, işletmelerimizin en çok önem verdikleri kalite faaliyeti olan muayene incelenmiştir. Muayenenin kalite sistemlerindeki ve kalite güvences indeki yeri belirtilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde., Borusan Boru Fabrikaları A.Ş. kalite güvencesi sistemi incelenmiş, konuya ilişkin açıklayıcı bilgiler verilmiştir.^ Altıncı bölüm olan sonuç kısmında, konunun yerli firmalar için önemi ifade edilmiş ve kaliteye sistem yaklaşımı ile bakmanın gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. vı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ITS APPLICATION IN TÜRKİYE The lifestyles of consumers and the business effectiveness of companies now depend upon the reliable, consistent performance of products and services with no tolerance for the lost time and costs of any failures. Quality has become the fundamental strategy for competitiveness today. It is important to recognise that, once the interest of a few technical people, quality control today is the primary concern of an increasingly large number of managers, engineers, statisticians, and men and women working in many occupations and throughout many organisations in many nations of the world. The problems to which these men and women direct their attentions exist in a wide range of forms: 1. The establishment of the right quality objectives in organization plans; 2. The assurance of a positive customer reaction to products. The studies is designed to help the men and women with responsibilities in assuring customer satisfaction by improving product quality and by reducing its related costs. And purpose of this studies is to explain the quality concept and system approach to quality. The studies also provides a sharp focus upon quality assurance systems. Inspection concept is discussed from point of view in terms of the quality control and quality assurance system. The studies may be used in the following ways: 1. As a means to obtain an effective understanding of quality concept and quality assurance system. vü2. As a guide to the practices of quality- assurance 3. As a text for use in inspection. Part Two -“ Quality Concept”The purpose of this section is to define quality concept. This section also presents the scope of total quality control. Quality is a customer determination and based upon the customer's actual experience with the product or service, measured against his or her requirements. Quality always represents a moving target in a competitive market. Reliability, serviceability and maintainability terms are individual characteristics of product and service quality. Quality level comes from two factors: 1. Quality of design 2. Quality of conformance The procedure for meeting the industrial quality goal is therefore termed quality“control,”just as the procedures for meeting production and cost goals are termed, respectively, production“control”and cost“control”There are normally four steps in such control: 1. Setting standards. 2. Appraising conformance. 3. Acting when necessary. 4. Planing for improvements. Satisfactory product and service quality goes hand-in hand with satisfactory product and service cost. Quality cost in plants and companies are accounted so as to include two principle areas: The cost of the investment and operating quality cost. Operating quality cost can be broken into three divisions: 1. Prevention cost. 2. Appraisal costs. 3. Failure costs. Part Three-“Quality Assurance System and ISO 9000 Standards”The purpose of this section is to rewiev the system approach to quality. And this section presentsISO 9000 standards. With increased focus on quality issues world-wide, organizations had prepared standards and guidelines in quality field. Although there were similarities among the many standards, the quality picture became quite cloudy. Terms such as“quality management”,“quality control”,“quality system”,“quality assurance”and“quality policy”acquired different and sometimes conflicting, meanings from country to country, within a country and even within an industry. To bring standardization to the international level, in 1987 the International Organization for Standardization published international standards defining three levels of quality assurance. These are ISO 9001, 9002 and 9003. Other standards, ISO 9000 and 9004, define the basic elements of a comprehensive quality assurance system and provide guidance on applying appropriate quality assurance level. Together, these standards are recognised throughout the world as the“ISO 9000 Series.”All of the European countries have adopted ISO 9000 standards. The ISO 9000 approach is founded on two concepts: 1. A Quality System: This concept establishes the rational that if the production and management system is right, the product or service that it produces will also be right. A quality system establishes a level of quality and ensures that the system produces that level of quality all the time, every time. The system builds quality in rather than screens error out. 2. Third-party assessment: Rather than individual purchaser trying to carry out their own supplier assessments, the ISO 9000 system offers assessment by a third party that all purchaser can rely on. ISO 9000 is a general introduction providing guidance on the appropriate quality assurance model. It clarifies the relation between different quality concept. ISO 9004 itemizes 20 fundamental quality system elements. ISO 9000 specifies the rules for using the three models, ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003, which represent three distinct forms of functional or organizational capability. IXThe most stringent quality model is ISO 9001, which applies in situations where a purchaser contracts for“custom made”product. Ordinarily this involves design and development to requirements set by the purchaser. All 20 quality system elements apply in this case. When it is appropriate to asses only a suplier's production and installation capabilities, ISO 9002 is particularly useful where suppliers mass-produce conventional items and where research and development has a lesser strategic role. It is applied when the purchaser requires the suppliers to follow an established design or conform to established product specifications or standards. ISO 9002 requires the supplier to demonstrate its capabilities in production and installation. Eighteen system elements are present, but some are treated less stringently than for 9001. ISO 9003 applies only 12 of the system elements and at a lower level of stringency than 9002. It is intended for use when requirements specified by the purchaser are to be determined by the supplier solely at final inspection and test. Part Four-“ Inspection ”The objective of this section is to present place of inspection in the quality. Relation between quality assurance and inspection is emphasized in this part. Inspection always involves evaluating the quality of some characteristic in relation to a standard. This evaluation may be described as the“inspection act”and consists of the following actions: 1. Interpretation of the specification 2. Measurement of the quality of the characteristic 3. Comparing interpretation of the specification with measurement of the quality of the characteristic 4. Judging conformance 5. Disposing of conforming cases 6. Disposing of non conforming cases 7. Recording the data obtained The technique of quality assurance inspection is the measuring of the various quality characteristic generated in a production process or inherent in the xmaterial. This type of inspection can be a check made on each pieces produced (100 percent inspection) or a check made on a statistical sample of the lot. The inspection can be performed by the operator or worker making the part or component, by a second person who is responsible for measuring only, or performed entirely by computer-controlled measurement. This inspection assures that the product being produced meet the standards of quality and quality levels which have been previously established. Part Five-“Quality Assurance System Applications in Borusan Inc.”Some examples are given in this part about appliance of quality assurance system. Part Six is the conclusion part and it is ıasized that companies that implement a comprehensive ISO 9000 quality system find that they improve efficiency and reduce scrap and rework.
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