Tin and tin-bronze in the Bronze Age: Their use, sources and trade from the Balkans to India
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- Tez No: 403171
- Danışmanlar: Belirtilmemiş.
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Arkeoloji, Archeology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2008
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Bryn Mawr College
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 112
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
The Bronze Age (ca. 3000-1200 BC) derives its name from the metal that is produced by mixing copper and tin in a variety of ratios. While copper constituted the base metal for this alloy, tin plays the role of an additive, which enhances the physical properties of the base copper. Being the raw material of such highly demanded objects as weapons, tools, and other useful implements, these two metals should be considered the most strategic commodities of the period. This thesis investigates ancient literary sources, archaeological evidence, geological information, and archaeometrical data for an attempt to delineate the sources and circulation patterns of tin and bronze during the Bronze Age. However, even though the findings from the field, tablets and laboratory continue to accumulate, the determination of the sources and trade routes of Bronze Age tin remains an unsolved issue. This unanswered question in Near Eastern and Mediterranean Bronze Age archaeology is commonly referred to as the“tin problem”by archaeologists and has been a matter of heated debate among scholars for decades. The present study discusses various approaches to this problem, considering their strong and weak points, and proposes an independent synthesis of archaeological, textual, geological and archaeometrical evidence. The outcome can be summed up as follows: The Bronze Age can be divided into three phases with respect to the intensity of tin usage. In the first phase (ca. 3000-2600 BC), tin was used quite sporadically, as only very few copper-based items from eastern Europa to central Asia could be determined to be made of bronze alloy. In the second phase (ca. 2600-2000 BC.), tin starts to be used more consistently, as bronze became a common alloy in certain regions such as northeastern Aegean, central Anatolia, southern Mesopotamia, southeast Arabia and the Indus Valley. In the third phase (ca. 2000-1600 BC), tin becomes more available and its consistent use diffuses into almost the entirety of the Near East and Mediterranean. As its major outcome, the investigation in this thesis indicates that these three phases differ not only with respect to the intensity and geographical spread of tin usage, but also in terms of the sources and trade routes of this metal. During the first phase, when tin and bronze were in limited use, the sources of the metal was more likely in areas to the west and north of Mesopotamia. During the second phase, when tin and bronze enjoyed a more intensive use at least in certain regions, the sources in Asia, likely in Afghanistan, were possibly the predominant sources. The westbound shipment of this metal into the Near East was most likely achieved through maritime routes crossing the gulf of Oman. After the attenuation of this maritime route towards the turn of the third millennium, tin sources in central Asia and the overland caravan routes crossing the Iranian Plateau appear to have replaced the Afghani sources and the seaborne trade of the preceding centuries.
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