Avrupa Birliği'nde ekonomik ve parasal birlik ve Türk bankacılık sisteminin Avrupa Birliği'ne uyumu
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 43998
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ÖZCAN GÜVEN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bankacılık, Banking
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 139
Özet
ÖZET Bu tez çalışmasında Avrupa BMiği'nde“Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik”oluşumunun tarihsel gelişimi incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde, Kısaca EMU olarak adlandırılan bu sürecin tanımı ve temel unsurları üzerinde durulmuştur. EMU'nun aşamaları ve nihai hedefi ortaya konulmuş, Avrupa Merkez Bankası ve Avrupa Para birimi konusundaki gelişmeler aktarılmıştır. Üye devletlerin ekonomilerini yakınen ilgilendiren oluşumda onların giriş ve tutumları dikkatle takip edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise Avrupa BMiği'nde Bankacılık Sistenıinin Yasal Çerçevesi ana başlığı altında Avrupa Bankacılık Sistemini yönlendiren temel yönergeler ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Bu yönergeler Birinci Bankacılık ve İkinci Bankacılık yönergeleri olup AB bankacılık mevzuatının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde AB Bankacılık ve Türk bankacılık sektörleri ve geçirdikleri gelişmeler özetlenmiş, Gümrük Birliği'nin Türk Bankacılık sektörüne etkileri encelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türk Bankacılığı'nın Avrupa Birliği karşısında rekabet edebilme ve etkinlik sağlayabilmesi konusu ele alınmış ve karşılaştırmalar ile uyum konusunda yapılan çalışmalara tek tek değinilmiştir. Sorunlar yapısal ve yasal olarak iki başlıkta toparlanmış, revizyon ihtiyacı konusunda görüşler ve öneriler derlenmiştir. Ayrıca etkinlik ve verimlilik konularında karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme bu bölüme ilave edilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde, Türk Bankacılık sektörünün Gümrük Birliği sürecindeki durumu ve Türk Bankacılık sektörünün AB Bankacılık piyasasma entegrasyonu için alınması gereken önlemler ortaya konulmuş ve çalışma öneriler ile sona ermiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY The Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union) legally constructed as an amendment to the Treaty of Rome is signed by the twelve Member States of the European Community (EC) and has been the cornerstone in the process of the European economic integration. The monetary union aimed to be created by the Treaty, implied that the exchange rates between the currencies of the countries involved will have irrevocably fixed at a specific moment and that these currencies will eventually be replaced by a single currency, the Euro. In order to achieve the above-mentioned aims, a number of criteria have been set forward to the Member Counties. Admittance to the monetary union meant that only those countries that have achieved a sufficient degree of economic convergence as regards inflation, budget equilibrium and interest and exchange rates would be the“qualified”members. The Treaty of Maastricht also set out a three-phase timetable for achieving monetary union. All remaining obstacles to the movement of capital and payment transactions have to be dismantled and Member Countries were required to draw up the so-called convergence programmes during the first phase. Further progress has to be made as regards budgetary reform and a European supervisory procedure set in place to monitor the development of public finances during the second phase which started by January 1994. The European Monetary Institute (EMI) would be formed during this phase. The legal, administrative and logistic framework has to be prepared that is necessary for the European System of Central Banks by December, 3 1 1996, at the latest. In the third phase the use and development of ECU is to to be facilitated by EMI. By December, 31 1996, a first“dry run”has to be completed and the Council of Ministers must determine which Member countries satisfy the convergence criteria and whether a majority satisfies them. The revolutionary element in theTreaty, that is;“monetary union”is nevertheless to begin by January 1, 1999 automatically and will naturally be limited to those Member countries satisfying the convergence criteria. In fact, the Treaty of Maastricht is double-prolonged, aiming not only to constitute a monetary union among the Member States of the EC, but also to take the Community along the road to a political union. It has also be noted that the Treaty of Maastricht obviously doesn't represent the beginning of monetary integration in Europe. Already in 1978, the European Monetary System was created as a system in which each currency has a fixed, though adjustable, central rate against the other currencies. With the exception of Greece, all EC Member countries participated in the exchange rate mechanism, though the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal enjoyed a wider fluctuation margin at either side of the central rate than normal, i.e.,6 %. The Deutsche Mark has become the undoubted leading currency within the EMS during the course of the years, with all EMS countries having adopted the cornerstone of Bundesbank policy- the combating of inflation- as their own. Due to this, there had been steadily increasing convergence as regards the equilibrium indicators of the EMS countries, particularly in respect of inflation and the balance-of-payments current account. This increasing convergence has been reflected in parity alignments becoming steadily less substantial and rare, and in the steady narrowing of interest rate differentials between the German Mark on one hand and the other EMS currencies on the other. Therefore; two substantial elements appeared as causes to the crisis in ERM. First of all; the UK and the Southern European countries still have some way to go in order to catch up with the so-called core countries of the EMS: Germany, France, the Benelux and Denmark.The integration and enlargement programme, specifically Banking and Financial Industry in the EU which has a direct influence on the economic system as a source of production and investment, is of particular interest of this study. The programme aims to complete the EU's financial integration which is to provide; a single banking license to offer the services within the EU borders, to be able to establish credit institutions in any member state and to be free to provide any financial service in any part of the EU. Then the financial integration will create a single European currency and a common payment system within the EU. Therefore, a high level of harmonization in the banking and financial systems of the EU countries has been achieved since 1985 EU White Paper. As a result, the differences in the national characteristics of financial markets in the EU have been blurred as well as the national controls in the determination of financial and monetary policies have been reduced. From start up, till today it has been already clearly seen that the real economic convergence is a necessary condition for monetary stability. One cannot create a single market and liberalise capital movements, while mamtaining autonomous monetary policies. The economies of the EC Member States have become so intertwined with each other, the prosperity of the European people - in other words - so strongly dependent on the proper working of the single European market, that there is no viable alternative to the process of advancing European integration. The process of increasing monetary and economic convergence in Europe cannot be brought to an end. Turkey on the other hand; has a long history with the EU, beginning with its first application for a full membership in the EU on July 31,1959. The Turkish banking system, aiming to survive and operate in the biggest and highly competitive market, the EU, is thus, to make necessary adaptation in itsadministrative and legal structure in parallel with the harmonization in the EU's banking and financial system directives. There is a need for adaptation of necessary directives leading to free movement of capital and elimination of exchange restrictions. These directives are related to as; a single banking license, mutual recognition of national auditing authorities, recogniton of the national auditing and inspection of banks to operate in other EU Member Counties and minimum auditing standards required for mutual recognition, acceptance of a single licence and recognition of the national auditing of related banks. There appear to be some macro and micro-economic problems for Turkish banks to overcome before integrating into the EU. These problems which could reduce their power to compete against their European counterparts can be summarized as; high level of interest rates in parallel with hyper-inflation, increase in bad loans in such turbulent economic conditions, insufficient capital requirements, reserve requirements which increase the cost of the banks' financial funds and diminishing rapidly their liquidity. The differences of establishment purposes and the development in the Turkish and Western banking systems on the other hand appear to be the main cause of the micro-economic problems. In 1980s, many reforms related to the restructuring of Turkish banking and financial system appeared to help free market conditions and improve Turkish banks up to the international standards. However, in order to provide an effective and efficient banking and financial system, the privatization of all the state banks has been suggested. Turkish banks, - having a wide use of ATMs,credit cards, EFT, SWIFT - seem to operate at world standards in terms of technology and renovations in the system. However, most Turkish banks appear to be below international standards in terms of efficiency and productivity. Therefore, Turkish banks should restructure their organization and generate marketing strategies to become competitive in the world standards. The banksshould increase their size and restructure by merging with the other banks in the system to achieve the economics of scale and scope. Banks are facing new challanges not only in Turkey or EU Member countries but throughout the world, due to the globalization of their business, faster technological progress, growing markets, new customer demands and greater risks. However, the banking regulations can help them in these areas. The regulations are not only designed to help the authorities ensure the soundness of the banking system, but mey also serve bankers by guaranteeing strict conditions for taking up banking business, by ensuring fair competition, by highlighting the principles of good customer relations, by requiring accurate and rigorous accounting methods and by providing the instruments for assessing and managing risk.
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