Kuyumculuk sektöründe organizasyonel bilgi sistemleri tasarımı ve uygulamaları
The Design and application of organizational information systems in the goldsmithery sector
- Tez No: 46238
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ETHEM TOLGA
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 74
Özet
ÖZET İçinde bulunduğumuz çağ bilgi çağıdır. Firmaların geleneksel kaynaklan olan para, işgücü, malzeme, makinenin yanına artık bilgi de eklenmiştir. Yöneticiler görevlerini yerine getirmek için her zaman bilgiye ihtiyaç duyarlar. Firmaların faaliyetleri esnasında oluşan verilerin belirli sistem ve düzenler içerisinde toplanarak, uygun karar vericiye, uygun zaman, biçim ve detayda bilgiye dönüştürülmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple, firmalar, Bilgisayar Destekli Bilgi Sistemleri kurarak, geçmişte ne durumda olduklarını ve şu andaki durumlarını izleyebilmekte ve gelecekte nasıl olmaları gerektiklerini planlamaktadırlar. Bu sistemler, tüm firma içinde tek bir tane olarak tasarlanabilmeleri dışında, firmalar içerisinde ortak fonksiyona sahip gruplara ayrı olarak da kurulabilmektedir. Kuyumculuk sektörü, Türkiye'nin en eski sektörlerinden bir tanesi olmasına rağmen, dünyadaki teknolojik gelişmelere uzak kalmış, ancak son zamanlarda, özellikle sektörün lider firmaları ile birlikte modern üretim tesislerinde yeniden yapılanmaya girmiştir. Bu yeniden yapılanma sadece, makine teknolojisi bazında kalmamış, bilgi sistemlerine de yatırım yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, toptan pazarlama yapan bir mücevherat firmasında pazarlama bölümünün siparişlerinin eksiksiz, istenen özelliklerde ve istenen zamanda yerine getirilmesini sağlayacak, hem pazarlamada hem de üretimde organizasyonel bilgi sistemlerinin kurulması ve uygulanması olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile, Türk kuyumculuk sektörüne ilk defa bu geniş kapsamda bir Bilgisayar Destekli Bilgi Sistemi kazandırılmıştır. Bilgisayarların kuyumculuğun imalat alanı ile tanışması açısından da bu çalışmanın ayrıca bir önemi vardır. Yapılan çalışmalar beş bölüm altında toplanabilir. Birinci bölüm, çalışmanın amacı, problem tanımı ve kapsamı ve çalışmanın taslağını içermektedir. İkinci bölümde, altın ile ilgili ön bilgilerden sonra, Bilgisayar Destekli Bilgi Sistemleri ve Organizasyonel Bilgi Sistemlerinden Pazarlama ve İmalat Bilgi Sistemleri üzerine teorik ön bilgiler yer almaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, kuyumculuk sektörünün geleneksel toptancı yapısını arzetmesi nedeniyle bir kuyumculuk firması model olarak alınarak, bu firmanın bu çalışma öncesi pazarlama ve üretim mekanizma ve bilgi sistemleri ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, model firma için bu çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak geliştirilen Organizasyonel Bilgi Sistemleri anlatılmıştır. Sonuçlar ve öneriler bölümünde ise bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ve ileri götürülebilecek alanlar üzerinde tartışılmıştır. vıı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE GOLDSMITHERY SECTOR Management has always been a difficult task, but is more so today than ever before. All firms are a part of an international economy, the technology of business is becoming more complex, the time frame for making decisions is shrinking and there are pressures from both competitors and society. Under these circumstances, the importance of information for managers is increasing. Managers always need information to do their tasks and to solve problems. Today, by the use of computers, the availability of information is becoming better. During different sections of firms do their daily routine tasks, data derived by these operations must be collected by certain information systems. The data should be processed into useful information to appropriate manager in a proper format. Hence, firms construct Computer Based information Systems and analyze where they have been in the past, monitor where they are and plan where they should be. While these systems can be designed as large as they could cover the whole organization, they could be addressed to users who have similar functions, in which case information system is called Organizational Information Systems. Goldsmithery is probably one of the oldest businesses in Turkey, but until recently, it could not adapt to technological advancements in the world. Today, by the efforts of leading firms in the sector, there is a reconstruction in the goldsmithery sector not only on production machines, but also on information systems. The objective of this study is to design and apply marketing and manufacturing information systems in a wholesaler in the goldsmith sector, which would allow production department to produce goods whose all specifications are complete on time, as stated in the marketing department's orders. The study consists of five chapters. First chapter covers the objective of the study, problem statement and the outline of the study. In the second chapter, after some basic knowledges about gold, Computer Based Information Systems and VIIIMarketing and Manufacturing Information Systems are theoritically discussed. In the third chapter the model firm, upon which information systems have been developed in this study, is introduced and its marketing and manufacturing operations are examined. The fourth chapter covers the designed organizational information systems and its application in the model firm, briefly. In the last chapter, conclusions from the study and possible future enhancements are discussed. During the precomputer era, firms generally ignored the information needs of managers. This practice was continued with the first computers, as they were restricted to accounting applications. During this period, which lasted until the mid-sixties, the computer applications were called electronic data processing. Today, the term that we use to describe this primary applications which still continues is data processing. In 1964, a new generation of computing equipment was introduced, which exerted a strong influence on the manner in which computers were employed. The concept of using the computer as a management information system (MIS) was promoted by computer manufacturers to justify additional equipment. The MIS concept recognized that computer applications should be implemented for the primary purpose of producing management information. The concept was quickly adopted by many larger firms since a real need existed for better management information. While many watched from the sidelines as firms grappled with their MISs, some information scientists at MIT formulated a different approach, their concept was named the Decision Support System (DSS). A DSS is an information producing system aimed at a particular problem a manager must solve and decisions that must be made. The problems that DSS can best address are semistructed ones. During the time that DSS evolved, interest was also focused on another computer application, Office Automation (OA). OA seeks to facilitate communication and increase productivity among managers and office workers through the use of electronic and electromechanical devices. There is a movement presently under way to apply artificial intelligence to business problems. The basic idea of artificial intelligence is that computer can be programmed to perform some of same logical reasoning as a human. A special subclass of artificial intelligence, Expert Systems (ES) is receiving the most attention. We use the term Computer Based Information System (CBIS) to describe the five subsystems, DP, MIS, DSS, OA and ES that utilize the computer. All of the subsystems work together to provide information for problem solving. CBIS can be designed primarily at supporting an organizational subunit such as a management level, or a functional area. For example, there is an executive subsystem for use by the firm's executives. There are three fuctional subsystems - one for each of the major functional areas of the firm - marketing, manufacturing and finance. As the study is about marketing and manufacturing information systems, only these two systems will be discussed. IXMarketing information system can be defined as a computer based information system that works in conjuction with other functional information systems to support the firm's management in solving problems that relate to marketing the firm's products. Not many references can be found to manufacturing information systems in the literature. The reason is that other names have been used, MRP, MRP-II, CIM. These are all approaches to managing the manufacturing process and all use information. Materia Requirements Planning (MRP) is a proactive materials strategy. Rather than wait until it is time to order, MRP looks into the future and anticipates future material needs. The MRP program analyzez the schedule of future production and identifies the materials that will be needed, their quantities and the dates that they will be needed. A Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP-II) system integrates all of the processes within manufacturing that deal with materials management. It also interfaces with other CBIS subsytems. It also exchanges data with the subsystem of the data processing system, which are involved in the material flow, order entry, billing, accounts receivable, purchasing, receiving, accounts receivable and general ledger. As stated earlier, a wholesaler firm, which represents the traditional wholesaler goldsmith organization in Turkey, is taken as a model to develop information systems upon. Marketing system of the firm is as follows: The firm has eight branches in Turkey, and two branches abroad; one in U.S.A. and the other in Germany. Every branch, has its own salesmans and these salesmans visit retail goldsmithery shops regularly to sell the firm's products. Main office of the firm is located in Istanbul where the production facilities is also in the same building. Periodically, and currently every two weeks, branches inform the main office marketing department about their new orders some which come from customers and others estimated to be sold by the branch in the future. Then in the main office, these orders are gathered to produce a common unified order list. Then the unified order list is sent to the production department. According to current status of the work load of the workshop, the Planning section takes the orders into schedule to be manufactured. As seen, it is a produce-to-order production system. Before the design process of information systems, observations have been made in order to determine problems in the marketing and manufacturing departments. Problems that have been observed in the Marketing department are as follows: 1. It takes long time and effort to gather branches' order forms and constitute an unified single order list which contains orders for production.2. There's no coding system for the production orders which would differ an order definitely from another. This situation causes troubles especially in the delivery of finished products from manufacturing department to marketing department, and from marketing department to branches. If there are two different orders from the same product, then you will often hear the question 'According to which order have these products been (or will these products be) produced? '. On the other hand, there have also been observed many problems in the manufacturing area of the firm. Problems that have been recognized are as follows: 1. The lack of a coding system for the production orders, as also stated in the marketing department. 2. The lack of an information system which would tell the status of orders in the production process. 3. The lack of production planning and scheduling tools to facilitate planners so that workshops could be operated at maximum efficiency. 4. The lack of a materials requirements planning system, so planners waste so much time in calculating and planning about the required parts that compose the products. After these problems have been established, the design process of the marketing and manufacturing information systems has begun. The key point concerning the functional information systems is that a firm should not implement one by itself without regard to the others, because most of the database used by these two departments are common. So, the design process should go parallel in designing each of the functional information systems. In the core of the designed systems, there lies two computer programs, one for marketing and one manufacturing. There have been developed other written information systems supporting these functional information systems. The computer programs were developed by using Novell's Btrieve Database Management System and Pascal Language. Although there seems to be two different programs, in the future, if it gets required, it is easily possible to connect marketing and manufacturing with a local area network and join these programs to form a single program so that two departments work on the same program and database. The program has an user-friendly interface which is very common in many computer applications today. XIBesides the computer programs, a real coding need existed for production orders to be distinguished. Therefore, first of all, a coding system has been developed. Each production order will have a code, which consists of two following numbers. As stated earlier, after the gathering process of branches' orders, a unified order list is constituted. Each list is given a unique number, and every line, which contains a different order with all the specifications requested, is given an increasing number. By this system, each order is unique at all and orders are identified by their numbers. Order lists, which contain orders and their quantities and specifications, are multiplied and distributed both to the marketing and production departments. Another written information system is developed for manufacturing. For each order, the section where the manufacturing process starts, prepares a memo-sheet, to be handled with the semi-product all through the production processes, which contains the semi-product's order number and special notes in production. By this memo-sheet, every production section knows which semi-product they have received from the previous section, and after finding the order from the distributed order list, they know what or how to process on the product. Although there are other information systems which would solve all of the manufacturing information problems, these two systems, are the foundations of the other developed systems. The computer program written for the marketing essentially includes: 1. Managing of the order forms of branches, 2. A tool for the gathering of the order forms of branches, 3. Managing the delivery of the products. The order lists are transferred to floppy disks to be sent to the manufacturing department, so that Planning section can load the data on the disk to their computer for use in production program. The production program includes: 1. Production Planning Utility: The planning section can make periodic work schedules. The program contains many tools for making efficient plans. 2. MRP Utility: After the work schedules are constituted, program identifies the materials that will be needed, their quantities, the dates they will be needed, and forms work orders to the relevant sections. The developed systems have been applied to the model goldsmith firm successfully. Now, it is possible to say that, by this study, this is the first time the Turkish goldsmithery sector has gained such an extensive XIIComputer Based Information System and the manufacturing area of the goldsmithery has met with computer systems. In this respect, it is believed that the study will be a starting point and a base for the following engineers to improve the current information system or to develop new information systems. XIII
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