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Yangın algılama ve uyarı sistemleri ve bir uygulama

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 55539
  2. Yazar: SERHAT NİZAMOĞLU
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. M. EMİN TACER
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1996
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 106

Özet

ÖZET YANGIN ALGILAMA VE UYARI SİSTEMLERİ Bir yangxn algılama ve uyarı sistemini oluşturan öğeler üçe ayrılır. Bunlar giriş cihazları, değerlendirme birimleri ve çıkış cihazlarıdır. Dedektör ve uyarı düğmesi gibi giriş cihazlarından gelen uyarılar ana tabloda toplanıp değerlendirilir. Bu değerlendirme sonucu çıkış cihazları aracılığı ile gerekli önlemler alınır. Yangın algılama ve uyarı sistemleri başlıca şu ana gruplara ayrılır. A- Geleneksel Sistemler : Bu sistemde dedektörler bölgeler/ oluşturacak şekilde gruplanır ve her bir bölge tabloya ayrı bir hat olarak bağlanır. Yangının olduğu panelden görülebilir, ama hangi dedektörden uyarı geldiği saptanamaz. B- Adresli Sistemler : Bu sistemde kullanılan dedektörlerin herbiri tabloyla sayısal iletişim kurabilme özelliğine sahiptir. Tablo sırayla tüm dedektörlerle tek tek haberleşir ve uyarı mesajı alır. Böylece yangın uyarısı veren dedektörlerin yerleri kesin olarak belirlenebilir. C- Analog Adresli Sistemler : Bu sistemde dedektörler panele ölçtükleri duman veya sıcaklık miktarlarını iletirler. Bu değerler panelde tanımlı sınırlı değerler ile karşılaştırılır ve ölçülen duman miktarının tehlikeli olup olmadığı kararı verilir. Yangın algılama sistemlerinin en önemli giriş öğeleri olan dedektörler başlıca üç çeşittir. 1- İyonizasyon Duman Dedektörü 2- Optik Duman Dedektörleri 3- Isı Dedektörleri OTELLERDE YANGIN RİSKİNİN ANALİZİ Bu bölümde; uygulama kısmında inceleyeceğimiz bir otel yangın alarm sistemini dizayn ederken neleri gözönüne alındığını görmek ve genel olarak otellerde yangın riskini incelemek için bulunmaz bir kaynak olacaktır. UYGULAMA PROJESİ Tüm tez boyunca anlatılanların daha iyi pekiştirilmesi amaçlanarak, yangın algılama ve uyarı sistemleri uygulması için gerçekten büyük ve son derece detaylı bir çalışma olan bir otel uygulaması bu bölümde yer almaktadır. ıx

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY FIRE INITIATING & INDICATING SYSTEMS Fire was a one of the most afraid full thing for human beings for years. With the getting higher life standards, urbanisation with the high buildings are two of the simple reason why we have tio be carefull for the risk of the fire. For these centuries! People have improved new technics and had more knowledge of fire. One of these is fire initiating and indicating system. We can call it also fire alarm system. A fire alarm system composed three components, these units are entering, computing and outlet devices. The warnings coming from buttons and detectors accumulated in main panel and evaluated in there. At the end of this evaluations some protecting procedures are set-on. Fire protection system consists with these basic group as fallows : A- Conventional System: This system has some zones with detectors and are connected to the central panel by an separately lines. This system can earning and warning to panel at the zone base. Namely, it will be possible to diagnose the fire by central panel but it is impossible to determine the warning coming from which detector is. B- Addressable System: At this system the detectors can transfer alarm data in digital form to central panel. All detectors can transfer alarm data to central panel individually. The fire warning can be seen at the central easily and it is possible to determine the detectors which is sending fire signal and it is location. C- Analogue Addressable System: At this system, detectors transfer data of smoke and heat level. These data are computed by central panel and decided whether to fire fighting procedure or not.D- Fire Alarm Systems Basic Performance: Fire alarm system basic performance determined as follows 1. Digitized electronic signals shall employ check digits or multiple polling. 2. Transponder devices are to consist of low current, solid-state integrated circuits, and shall be powered from a local primary power and standby battery power source. 3. Power i for initiating devices and notification appliances must come from the main fire alarm control panel or from the transponder to which they are connected. 4. A single ground {or open} on any system signalling line circuit, initiating device circuit, or notification appliance circuit shall not cause system malfunction, loss of operating power, or inhibit the ability to report an alarm. 5. Alarm signals arriving at the main FACP (Fire Alarm Control Panel) shall not be lost following a power failure (or outage) until the alarm signal is processed and recorded. When a fire condition is detected and reported by one of the system initiating devices, the following functions shall immediately occur: l.The System Alarm LED (Light Emitting Diode) on the main fire alarm control panel shall flash. 2. A local piezo-electric signal in the control panel shall sound. 3. The 80-character LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) display on the main fire alarm control panel shall indicate all information associated with the Fire Alarm condition, including the type of alarm point and its location within the protected premises. 4. Printing and history storage equipment shall log the information associated with the Fire Alarm Control Panel condition, along with the time and date of occurrence. 5. All system output programs assigned via control -by- event programs that are to be activated by a particular point in alarm shall be executed, and the associated system outputs (alarm notification appliances and/or relays) shall be activated. System Capacity and General Operation l.The control panel shall provide, or be capable of expansion to 198 intelligent/addressable devices per XIsignalling line circuit plus 2048 annunciation points per system. 2. The Fire Alarm Control Panel shall include a full fe=- nred operator interface control and annunciation panel vh±.ich shall include a backlit liquid crystal display, indi-r^_±dual color coded system status LEDs, and an alphanumeric cey^rpad for field programming and control of the Fire Alarm Sy=z:=~sm. 3. All programming or editing of the existing program ;_=. the system shall be achieved without special equipment. 5. The FACP shall provide the following features: Charger Rate Control CRT Display Interface Control -By-Time Non-Alarm Module Reporting Day/Night Sensitivity Periodic Detector Test Device Blink Control Remote Page Drift Compensation Trouble Reminder NFPA 72 Sensitivity Test Verification Counters System Status Reports Walk Test Security Monitor Points Maintenance Alert Alarm Verification System Configuration Repzrzrt Printer Interface System Point Report 400 Event Historical Log Programmable Automatic TI±med and Manual Signal Silence Programmable Manual Signal Control -By -Event with Bxliean Silence Inhibit Timer Logic and Timed Control Central Processing Unit (CPU) l.The Central Processing Unit shall communicate ¥nth, monitor, and control all other modules within the cam: rol panel. Removal, disconnection, or failure of any cmrxrol panel module shall be detected and reported to the sysstem display by the Central Processing Unit. 2. The Central Processing Unit shall contain and execute :all control -by- event programs for specific action to be taiesn if an alarm condition is detected by the system. Such corrzrrol- by-event programs shall be held in non-voknille, programmable memory, and shall not be lost even if svssrem primary and secondary power failure occurs. 3. The Central Processing Unit shall also provide a real-cxime clock for time annotation of all system displays. The cizrme- of-day and date shall not be lost if system primary and secondary power supplies fail. 4. Integral battery backup for program data retention fcr_r at least five years without external power source. 5. The CPU shall come with RF radiation attenuation derrz.ces to meet applicable FCC requirements. XllLoop Interface Board l.Loop Interface Boards shall be provided to monitor and control each of the Signalling Line Circuit (SLC) in the system. The Loop Interface Board shall contain its own microprocessor, and shall be capable of operating in Local mode in the case of a failure in the main CPU of the Control Panel. In Local mode, the Loop Interface Board shall detect alarms and activate output devices on its own SLC. 2. The Loop Interface Board shall not require any jumper cuts or address switch settings to initialise SLC operations. 3. The Loop Interface Board shall receive analogue information from all Intelligent Detectors and shall process this information to determine whether normal, alarm, or trouble conditions exist for that particular detector. The Loop Interface Board software shall include software to automatically adjust and compensate for dust accumulation to maintain detector performance as it is affected by environmental factors. The analogue information may also be used for automatic detector testing and for the automatic determination of detector maintenance requirements. 4. The Loop Interface Board shall communicate with each intelligent/addressable detector and addressable module on its SLC and verify proper device function and status. Communication with up to 198 Intelligent devices shall be performed every 6 seconds or less. Average time to detect an alarm shall be 3 seconds (longer for detectors utilising alarm verification). Specific System Operations 1. Smoke Detector Sensitivity Adjust: Means shall be provided for adjusting the sensitivity of any or all analogue intelligent smoke detectors in the system from the System keypad or from the keyboard of the video terminal. Sensitivity range shall be within the allowed UL window. 2. Alarm Verification: Each of the intelligent/addressable smoke detectors in the system may be independently selected and enabled to be an alarm verified detector. The FACP shall keep a count of the number of times each detector has entered the verification cycle. These counters may be displayed and reset by the proper operator commands. 3. System Point Operations a. Any device in the system may be enabled or disabled through the system keypad or video terminal. b.Any system output point may be turned on, or off, from the system keypad or the video terminal. X1X14. Point Status: The system shall be able to display the following point status diagnostic functions without the need for peripheral equipment. Each point, will be annunciated for the parameters listed: a. Device Status b. Device Type c. Custom Device Label d. Software Zone Label e. Device Zone Assignments f. Detector Analogue Value g. All Program Parameters 5. System Status Reports : Upon command from a password- authorized operator of the system, a status report will be generated and printed, listing all system status. 6. System History Recording and Reporting: The Fire Alarm Control Panel shall contain a History Buffer that shall be capable of storing up to 4 00 system output /input /control activations. Each of these activations will be stored and time and date stamped with the actual time of the activation, until an operator requests that the contents be either displayed or printed. The contents of the History Buffer may be manually reviewed, one event at a time, and the actual number of activations may also be displayed and or printed. The History Buffer shall use non-volatile memory. Systems which use volatile memory for history storage are not acceptable. 7. Automatic Detector Maintenance Alert: The Fire Alarm Control Panel shall automatically interrogate each intelligent system detector and shall analyse the detector responses over a period of time. If any intelligent detector in the system responds with a reading that is below or above normal limits, then the system will enter the Trouble mode, and the particular intelligent detector will be annunciated on the System Display, and printed on the optional System Printer. This feature shall in no way inhibit the receipt of alarm conditions in the system, nor shall it require any special hardware, special tools or computer expertise to perform. xxvFire Initiating Devices 1- Ionisation Smoke Detectors r This detectors transfer d^r^a of variation made by- concentration of smoke or gas z'zy means of detector's cells to inform fire. 2- Optical Smoke Detectors : In case of fire, detectors T ~ r~adiation act the photol-cell, and then, detectors warn fire aliarm to central panel. J 3- Heat Detectors : These detectors can operate za - rhe base of heat or ambient temperature rated case on it ' = =-- cale. Analysing Fire Alarm Systems 1=. MHotels: This part, especially written zz.. show the design criteria of fire alarm systems in hotel b:,~“”Idings, like as made in our sample project design. XT

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