Örgü makinalarının mekaniği ve CAD ile programlanması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55540
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HAMİT ÖZTEPE
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 147
Özet
ÖZET Bu tez çalışmasında, örgü makinalarının çalışma prensipleri ve nümerik kontrollü tezgahlara (CNC) benzer biçimde programlanmaları incelenmiştir. Bunun için öncelikle örmecilik temelleri açıklanmıştır. Örmecilik temellerinin incelenmesinde öncelikle el örmeciliği açıklanmıştır. Bu temeller örme makinalarında da esasen değişmemiştir. Bu aşamada temel örgü yapılarından bahsedilmiş ve genel olarak kullanılan örgü teknik resim notasyonu kısaca açıklanmıştır. Genel hatlarıyla örmecilik temelleri açıklandıktan sonra, Stoll makinalarına değinmeden, örme makinalarının temel çalışma prensipleri açıklanmıştır. Burada da yine en küçük yapıdaki el örme makinalanndan, üretime yönelik büyük sanayi tipi makinalara kadar, geniş bir yelpaze ele almmaya çalışılmıştır. Tek yataklı ve çift yataklı örgü makinalarında iğnelerin dizilişi, örmeye başlamadan önce yapılacak işlemler, dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar, kaba hatlarıyla açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra, jakarlı desenlerin oluşturulması için mekanik ve elektronik jakar sistemleri ele alınmıştır. Bunun için iğnenin çeşitli örme yapılan için hangi hareketleri yaptığı anlatılmıştır. Tüm bunlara ek olarak öncelikle genel mühendislik uygulamalannda CAD tanımı yapılmış, daha sonra da örgü makinalarında CAD diye adlandırabileceğimiz işlemin genel mühendislik uygulamalanna benzerliği tartışılmıştır. Burada CAD ile kastedilen, desenin matris halinde daha kolay bir biçimde, bilgisayar ortamında çizilebilmesi, düzeltme işlemlerinin daha kolay olarak gerçekleştirilebilmesi vs. dir. 4. Bölümde Stoll CMS 432 makinasmın mekaniği ve çalışma prensipleri aynntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Makinayı olulşturan elemanlar teker teker ele alınmış, fazla sayıda resimle yazılanları kağıt üzerinde anlamak daha kolay hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Burada, daha önceki bölümlerin aksine, tamamen ayrıntılı ve teknik anlatımlara başvurulmuştur. Her bir eleman, kendisini oluşturan parçalarla birlikte açıklanmıştır. Aynca kullanım sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara da değinilmiş, hata ya da bozukluk durumlarında neler yapılması gerektiği açıklanmıştır. Tüm bu bilgiler, aslında örgü makinası kullanıcısına yönelik olmakla beraber, tekstil konusunda ilgili herhangi bir kişiye de yardımcı olabilecek özelliktedir. Son bölümde, otomatik programlamaya yönelik, TriCAD adlı yazılım, genel hatlarıyla açıklanmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY In this thesis, the working principles and programming, in a way similar to numerically controlled looms (CNC), of knitting machines have been studied. In this sense, first, principles of knitting have been explained. These principles have not been really changed basicly for centuries. Knitted surfaces are always given form by building loops on a yarn. Beside this, transfers are done as alternatives. With the progress from handknitting to knitting machines, first of all, there has been a major increase in speed, afterwards it has been possible to create designs which were not possible before. Therefore, before studying the mechanics of any knitting machine, the principles of knitting should have been all looked over. Handknitting has a very old history going back even A.D. 200 to Egyptian Civilization and coming along to this century. On the other hand, the first knitting loom was created in Nottingham by William Lee in 1589 and carried to France. But the actual progress in machine knitting has been in 20th century when the synthetics came into the market and made knitting an important part of textile sector. Machine knitting imitates the handknitting by using special needles. There are two kinds of knitting: l)Weft knitting 2) Warp knitting. By weft knitting one yarn builds horizontal loops which are connected with the below and above loops, building the knitted surface. By warp knitting every needle takes a yarn which longs through the fabric and builds also loops with the yarns next to them. Some basic and very common weft knitting constructions are single jersey, rib, harose, interlock which are explained in Turkish part of this thesis. Beside those, there XIare some alternative technics concerning the building the loops which enable to create patterns. In the course of studying the knitting basics, first off all, manual knitting has been explained. As mantioned above, these basics have not been changed in knitting machines. Generally used technical drawing notation for knitting has easied the operations very much for designers. After having looked over also the principles of working of knitting machines we have gone through the use and importance of CAD in knitting, before going to S toll machines. Here again, a wide range from small manual knitting machines to production oriented, big indistrual machines have been tried to be studied. The needle order in single needle bed and double needle bed knitting machines, things to be done before starting the knitting operation, points to be paid attention to have been generally explained. In home type manual single bed knitting machines, needles are ordered next to eachother in a bed. Needles are moved by the carriage bow taking the yarn which is carried by the yarn feeder after eachother a loop each. Going along the loom they build a row each time. The knitted surface is pulled down by a pulling system. These machines cannot knit pull over cuffs. Manual double bed knitting machines have a front and a hind bed with V form. This difference enables more alternatives in knitting constructions. You may find some practices in this thesis. After that, the mechanic and the elecronic jacquard systems have been taken into consideration in order to produce jacquard designs. For that reason the needle movement for different knitted structures has been told. Nowadays, the use of mechanic systems has been over and electronic jacquard systems replaced instead of them. xnAlthough the subject of the thesis is to learn a Stoll CMS 432 machine carefully, it will be helpful to explain the points mentioned above in order to understand the following titles. In addition to all, firstly the CAD has been described in general engineering practices and then the similarities of the process called CAD in the Knitting Machines and the practices of general engineering have been discussed. Hereby, the meaning of CAD is to draw the design easily as a matrix under computer conditions to correct mistakes easily etc... In the 4th section the details of the machanic and the working principles of the Stoll CMS 432 machine have been told. The parts of the machine have been taken into consideration one by one, with too many pictures to understand what was explained has become easier. In this section contrary to the previous sections, more detailed and technical explanations has been told. Every element has been explained together with the other parts that formed it. Also the matters to be careful while using and what to do when a mistake occurs or when it is broken have been explained. All this information is useful also for anybody who is interested in textile as useful for the user of the machine. Mechanical jacquard knitting machines have enabled to realize every kind of pattern by choosing the needles. This is verified by different systems like hole-card system, pattern wheel, hole-steel system, film band or by jakar platines with different lengths, which are all explained in this thesis. Altthough mechanical needle choosing has different ways for patterning, it is still limited when compared with electronical jacquard system. These systems are informed the patterns by computer and choose the needles by the help of a magnetic system. A production comes into being out of the product design and the production of this product. In this sense, CAD must be a part for the productions of this century. Human memory is limited, but computer sources are available to save data and to reach xnithem again quickly. Product design is mainly involved with drawing, so CAD is essential for product design. The first stage for creating a knitted fabric is preparing the technical drawing concerning this knitting. The preparing and revising of such a pattern manually will be very difficult and take a long time. CAD practices ease both operations very much. And nowadays there are CAD systems which not only draws the design, but also enables to make the right choices concerning the characteristics of the machine or the product. The product design has two parts: First of all, an idea is created, secondly it is formed to a usable design. That is when CAD is used which is of course very alternated. Like other industrial areas, usually some prototypes of a product are needed before production. This is also easy to be done by CAD. Therefore, CAD softwares are getting widely used with everyday, also because it is an important element of the competition in the market. xiv
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