Temiz odalar
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55584
- Danışmanlar: Y.DOÇ.DR. KORHAN BİNARK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 39
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
Multiple stage filtration of the supply air is needed to remove particulate contamination of all kinds, including micro-organizms. Two stage filtration is required for class 2 rooms and in order to comply with the specification of a high or very high level of relative sterility, three stage filtration for rooms assigned to room class 1. The filters used for the individual filter stages shall satisfy the requirements of the following filter classes : a) 1st filter stage : class EU4, or better; b) 2nd filter stage : class EU7, or better; c) 3rd filter stage : class class S, or alternatively class R filters, for which a test certificate can be provided. In with hygienic requirements, the filter stages shall be arranged as follows : a) 1st filter stage, on the suction side immediately downstream of the outdoor air inlet b) 2nd filter stage, on the pressure side at the start of the ductwork c) 3rd filter stage, on the pressure side, as close as possible to either the room or zone to be served Recirculated air may be used on the following conditions : a) Only exhaust air originating from one and the same room or rooms belonging to the same zone. b) Recirculating air shall be passed, either separately or together with the outdoor air through the same filter stages fitted with filters of the same filter class as prescribed for the outdoor air. To maintain given standarts of hygiene, air shall generally only be permitted to flow from sterile to less sterile rooms in progression. The HVAC systems installed shall be design to maintain flow in the given directions by a suitable regulation of the supply and/or exhaust air volume flow rates. Thus more air shall be supplied by mechanical means to an area in which the air is to be segregated from adjacent areas than is removed from it in the form of exhaust air. In hospitals, the wall surface of ductwork shall be smooth, such as that of galvanized sheet steel or of materails of equivalent smoothness. Duct runs shall be kept as short as possible. In operating theatres, HVAC systems must fulfil four distinct funtions : a) Keeping the concentrations of airborne micro-organisms within specified limits b) Maintaining the requisite air flow between the rooms c) Keeping the concentration of waste anaesthetic gases within specified limits d) Maintaining the requisite room conditions. We see that clean rooms are a special subject that should be given importance for health and quality in critical manufacturing areas. Clean rooms which are built by people should be controled by the related goverment organizations. XHlHumidity control is necessary to: prevent corrosion, prevent condensation on work surfaces reduce static electricity, prevent product contamination, provide personnel comfort, compensate for hygroscopic materials and control microbial growth. The air given in the clean rooms should have minimum airborne particulate consantration. This could be provided by filter systems. The filter systems are built in stages. Firstly the air flows through a prefilter than a second stage and mostly entires into the cleanroom after a HEPA filter. There are special clean rooms in hospitals. Because, in hospitals, next to proper therapy, the prime necessity is the maintenance of hygiene. This presupposes, in addition to high standards of training, organization and responsibility on the part of medical and technical personnel, that hygienic considerations are duly taken into account in the design and construction of the hospital buildings and associated facilities. Such considerations are of particular importance in the planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of HVA C systems. German norm DIN 1946-Part 4 specifies requirements which relate to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning facilities to be installed in hospitals. Practical experience gained in the construction of hospitals has shown that it is expedient for the entire planning and building process, i.e including that of the HVAC systems to be carried out from the start in consultation with a doctor specializing in hygienics. One of the special function to be fulfilled by HVAC systems in hospitals, besides maintenance of the internal environment at the required temperature, is the effective reduction of the proportion of micro-organisms and dust, waste anaesthetic gases, odorants, etc. present in room air. Some examples of unfavourable indoor conditions encountered in hospitals are: a) high indoor heat loads, e.g. due to operation of medical appliances and equipment; b)increased contamination of room air with waste ancesthetic gases, disinfectant gases and vapours, as well as with odorants; c)undesirable equalization of the air volume flow in the nursing area and in other areas. Air flow patterns in operating theatre suites and requirements to be met by ventilation in hospitals are given in the tables in DIN 1946-Part 4 In hospitals, depending on the risk of airborn cross infection, different levels of relative sterility of the supply air and room air are required, rooms in the various areas in the hospital being assigned accordingly to one of two room classes : a) room class 1 : high or very high level of relative sterility required ; b) room class 2 : normal level of relative sterility required. xuMultiple stage filtration of the supply air is needed to remove particulate contamination of all kinds, including micro-organizms. Two stage filtration is required for class 2 rooms and in order to comply with the specification of a high or very high level of relative sterility, three stage filtration for rooms assigned to room class 1. The filters used for the individual filter stages shall satisfy the requirements of the following filter classes : a) 1st filter stage : class EU4, or better; b) 2nd filter stage : class EU7, or better; c) 3rd filter stage : class class S, or alternatively class R filters, for which a test certificate can be provided. In with hygienic requirements, the filter stages shall be arranged as follows : a) 1st filter stage, on the suction side immediately downstream of the outdoor air inlet b) 2nd filter stage, on the pressure side at the start of the ductwork c) 3rd filter stage, on the pressure side, as close as possible to either the room or zone to be served Recirculated air may be used on the following conditions : a) Only exhaust air originating from one and the same room or rooms belonging to the same zone. b) Recirculating air shall be passed, either separately or together with the outdoor air through the same filter stages fitted with filters of the same filter class as prescribed for the outdoor air. To maintain given standarts of hygiene, air shall generally only be permitted to flow from sterile to less sterile rooms in progression. The HVAC systems installed shall be design to maintain flow in the given directions by a suitable regulation of the supply and/or exhaust air volume flow rates. Thus more air shall be supplied by mechanical means to an area in which the air is to be segregated from adjacent areas than is removed from it in the form of exhaust air. In hospitals, the wall surface of ductwork shall be smooth, such as that of galvanized sheet steel or of materails of equivalent smoothness. Duct runs shall be kept as short as possible. In operating theatres, HVAC systems must fulfil four distinct funtions : a) Keeping the concentrations of airborne micro-organisms within specified limits b) Maintaining the requisite air flow between the rooms c) Keeping the concentration of waste anaesthetic gases within specified limits d) Maintaining the requisite room conditions. We see that clean rooms are a special subject that should be given importance for health and quality in critical manufacturing areas. Clean rooms which are built by people should be controled by the related goverment organizations. XHlHumidity control is necessary to: prevent corrosion, prevent condensation on work surfaces reduce static electricity, prevent product contamination, provide personnel comfort, compensate for hygroscopic materials and control microbial growth. The air given in the clean rooms should have minimum airborne particulate consantration. This could be provided by filter systems. The filter systems are built in stages. Firstly the air flows through a prefilter than a second stage and mostly entires into the cleanroom after a HEPA filter. There are special clean rooms in hospitals. Because, in hospitals, next to proper therapy, the prime necessity is the maintenance of hygiene. This presupposes, in addition to high standards of training, organization and responsibility on the part of medical and technical personnel, that hygienic considerations are duly taken into account in the design and construction of the hospital buildings and associated facilities. Such considerations are of particular importance in the planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of HVA C systems. German norm DIN 1946-Part 4 specifies requirements which relate to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning facilities to be installed in hospitals. Practical experience gained in the construction of hospitals has shown that it is expedient for the entire planning and building process, i.e including that of the HVAC systems to be carried out from the start in consultation with a doctor specializing in hygienics. One of the special function to be fulfilled by HVAC systems in hospitals, besides maintenance of the internal environment at the required temperature, is the effective reduction of the proportion of micro-organisms and dust, waste anaesthetic gases, odorants, etc. present in room air. Some examples of unfavourable indoor conditions encountered in hospitals are: a) high indoor heat loads, e.g. due to operation of medical appliances and equipment; b)increased contamination of room air with waste ancesthetic gases, disinfectant gases and vapours, as well as with odorants; c)undesirable equalization of the air volume flow in the nursing area and in other areas. Air flow patterns in operating theatre suites and requirements to be met by ventilation in hospitals are given in the tables in DIN 1946-Part 4 In hospitals, depending on the risk of airborn cross infection, different levels of relative sterility of the supply air and room air are required, rooms in the various areas in the hospital being assigned accordingly to one of two room classes : a) room class 1 : high or very high level of relative sterility required ; b) room class 2 : normal level of relative sterility required. xuMultiple stage filtration of the supply air is needed to remove particulate contamination of all kinds, including micro-organizms. Two stage filtration is required for class 2 rooms and in order to comply with the specification of a high or very high level of relative sterility, three stage filtration for rooms assigned to room class 1. The filters used for the individual filter stages shall satisfy the requirements of the following filter classes : a) 1st filter stage : class EU4, or better; b) 2nd filter stage : class EU7, or better; c) 3rd filter stage : class class S, or alternatively class R filters, for which a test certificate can be provided. In with hygienic requirements, the filter stages shall be arranged as follows : a) 1st filter stage, on the suction side immediately downstream of the outdoor air inlet b) 2nd filter stage, on the pressure side at the start of the ductwork c) 3rd filter stage, on the pressure side, as close as possible to either the room or zone to be served Recirculated air may be used on the following conditions : a) Only exhaust air originating from one and the same room or rooms belonging to the same zone. b) Recirculating air shall be passed, either separately or together with the outdoor air through the same filter stages fitted with filters of the same filter class as prescribed for the outdoor air. To maintain given standarts of hygiene, air shall generally only be permitted to flow from sterile to less sterile rooms in progression. The HVAC systems installed shall be design to maintain flow in the given directions by a suitable regulation of the supply and/or exhaust air volume flow rates. Thus more air shall be supplied by mechanical means to an area in which the air is to be segregated from adjacent areas than is removed from it in the form of exhaust air. In hospitals, the wall surface of ductwork shall be smooth, such as that of galvanized sheet steel or of materails of equivalent smoothness. Duct runs shall be kept as short as possible. In operating theatres, HVAC systems must fulfil four distinct funtions : a) Keeping the concentrations of airborne micro-organisms within specified limits b) Maintaining the requisite air flow between the rooms c) Keeping the concentration of waste anaesthetic gases within specified limits d) Maintaining the requisite room conditions. We see that clean rooms are a special subject that should be given importance for health and quality in critical manufacturing areas. Clean rooms which are built by people should be controled by the related goverment organizations. XHl
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