Bürolarda çalışma ünitelerinin yeni teknolojilere adaptasyonu için bir yaklaşım
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55626
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NİGAN BAYAZIT
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 93
Özet
ÖZET iş dünyasında büyük bir geçiş dönemi yaşanmaktadır. Geleneksel büro işleri yavaş yavaş yok olmaya başlamıştır. Bilgisayarlarla her geçen gün daha fazla iş yapılabilmektedir. İş dünyasındaki ve teknolojideki gelişmelerin hızına büro mobilyalarının uyum sağlama gerekliliği doğmuştur, çünkü bu gelişmeler beraberlerinde yeni organizasyon şekilleri, yeni iş içerikleri, çalışma üniteleri ve bürolara yeni planlama kriterleri getirmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, bürolardaki yeni gereksinmelerin neler olduğunu, geleneksel bürolarda bu gereksinmelerin karşılanabilmesi için neler yapılması gerektiğini incelemek, geleneksel büroların teknolojide gelişmelere adaptasyonu için çözüm önerileri yapmaktır. Giriş bölümü olan birinci bölümde, araştırma konusunun kapsamı ve sınırlan anlatılmış, konunun araştırılma nedenleri açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, konuyla ilgili kavramlara, uzmanların ve araştırmacıların yorumlarına yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, çalışma ünitelerinin sistem özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma ünitesinin ergonomik boyutları, konfor düzeyi, çalışan insanın gereksinmeleri, planlama kriterleri, mobilya seçimleri ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde araştırmanın metodu ve araştırma teknikleri ve araştırmalarda incelenen çalışma üniteleri ve kullanıcıların özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ahi farklı büroda, değişik meslek gruplarından 40 kişiye anket uygulanmıştır. Bu anket kullanıcı sorunlarının, kullanıcı tercihlerinin, bürolarda geçiş döneminde uygulanan çözüm yollarının neler olduğu belirlemeye yöneliktir. Dört kişinin çalışma ünitelerinde çalışırken eylem analizleri yapılmıştır. Üç kişi video ve gözlemlenmiş, araçların ve yerleşim planlarının yapılan eylemlere uygun olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, bürolarda çalışanların gözlemlenmesinden elde edilen bulgular tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde bulgulara dayanılarak elde edilen sonuçlara yer verilmiş ve çalışma üniteleri için çeşitli adaptasyon önerileri yapılmıştır. Bürolarda uygulanan anket örneği ve eylem analiz tabloları ekte verilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY AN APPROACH FOR THE ADAPTATION OF THE WORK STATIONS TO THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE OFFICES The aim of this research is to examine the neccesity of adapting new organization models, new aspects of work, new planning criteria to the traditional offices stemming out from the entrance of the information technology to the office interiors as the business world has been in a transition period. Greater amount of work can be done by the help of the computers since the traditional office work is disappearing slowly. A working person uses up more than half of all his/her time while he/she is awake and spends approximately 50,000-80,000 hours within all his/her life in a working place. This idea should lead us to accept the working place as the living place. A humanistic approach should provide happiness in a working place. The new goal of designers is to reduce the stress of the dense working medium, enable people to work at work stations with pleasure and terminate their feeling to run away from and get rid of their jobs. It has been revealed that 70 % of the people owning a job will start to work at work-stations in the offices or places alike which are required by their professions until year 2000 (AIT, 1992). The success of a company is directly proportional with the performance of the people working there. The performance of the people is related with whether the work-station has been planned according to the requirements of the people in an office. The motivation and the performance of a person working at such a place can make him gain 10 minutes which makes 40 hours anually. A well defined and applied planning can raise the productivity of a person by 10 % (AIT, 1988). Working with a computer you spend a great deal of time seated. For this reason, the ergonomic requirements of a person working with a computer is very important. Tiny ergonomic defects, incorrect way of planning and placing the equipment discordant to the frequency of usage, causes problems like serious health disorders, descent of efficiency and delays in task flow. Insignificant negative situations in traditional offices used to take no great effect on a working person because the traditional office work was made of many different items.There raised no problem like muscles' being loaded unilaterally for a long time. Yet today the human body has become a supportive element of the hand and the eye. Technological improvements have created a quite new requirement profile raising this question: Do the offices have to be redesigned or, may it be enough to adapt the former layout to the new requirements. The righteousness of solutions can be realized by checking the ergonomic requirements of the human body. The working time in front of a screen, the type of the work, the specialties of work performed in front of a screen, the economical situations for the employer and whether he is prepared to make changes or not define the limits of variations to be done. In this study, various solutions have been suggested determining the problems experienced during the transition period in the offices. The aim of this research is to examine the new requirements in traditional offices and define the solutions that will meet them. In the first section which is also the preface, the contents and the definitions have been presented and the reasons for examining this subject have been explained. In the second section, the definitions related with this matter and the interpretations of experts and researchers have been given. In the 3rd section, the specifications of work stations have been explained. The ergonomic dimensions of a work station, the level of comfort, the requirements of the people working at there, the planning criteria and the furniture selections have been examined. In the 4th section, a detailed information about the method of the research has been given. During the research studies, the office workers have been observed directly. It has been examined whether the man-machine system has been set up correctly. It has also been investigated whether the planing has been done according to the type of work and to the frequency of the tools in use. A questionnaire consisting of 39 questions has been applied on 40 people working at 6 different offices to investigate the kinds of problems caused by the transition period in the offices, the types of consumer preferences and the dimensons of work stations. Activity analysis tables have been prepared at the end of a 3-hour observation over 4 people. In every 5 minutes within sampling intervals of 5 seconds, the activities of people chosen casually were observed and marked on these tables. IX3 people from different work groups have been video recorded in the work-stations. The link analysis of these 3 people have been made. The frequency of usage and relations among the machines have been determined utilizing the tables of linkages between machine-machine. The work-stations have been observed in various offices and adaptive applications have been surveyed. The questionnaire applied and the tables of activity analysis has been presented additionally. In this survey, it has been realized that the workers of the offices were asked no questions at all when new arrangements and renewals were to be done and that the preferences of those workers were never mentioned by the employers. The question“Which color would you prefer”revealed 61% of the people were discontented with the colors of the work-stations and would prefer different colors. It has been realized, that %53 of the color of woking place surfaces were not ergonomic. Only 7 people stated that furniture were purchased to go along functionally with the new electronic equipment. 27 people replied negativeh/ when they were asked whether their working area was sufficient for their job. Those people were observed to have no enough place to read and examine documents and work with mouse on the tables. It has been attended that the relation between the work station and printer (or plotter) was not set up correctly. Only 2 people stated to have one when they were asked“if they had a place to put their feet on”and 9 people informed to have no such a necessity. Those of which needed such a place told they had found various ways to solve this problem and put their feet on the lateral bar at the bottom of the table (3), on the litter (3),on the bars of their chairs (4),on a stool (1) or on any elevation (8). 9 people informed to have have no psychological discomfort while working with computer at the work-stations. 27 people suffered various psychological discomforts. The complaints were mostly about lack of concentration (3), feeling of monotony (14), decreasing creativity (7), being bored(3). Only 4 people replied“no”to the question:“Do you suffer physical discomfort while working”. It has been determined that those people used their computers 4 hours a day. The sufferings of people have been grouped in the form of multiple-response technique as follows:Examining activity analyses tables, link analysis and machine-machine matrices has revealed that the equipment should be placed according to the frequency of usage and an optimal layout should be done so as not to disorder the task-flow in the work-stations. During the analysis of video-recordings it has been observed that the people have compensated some of the little defects by themselves and that they have found solutions like changing the places of the equipment and the furniture, creating temporary working spaces (i.e. in case of lack of space on the tables hanging the drawing sheets on the wall) and changing the height or the slope of the back of a chair. In the fifth section, the conclusions retrieved from the observation of the people working at the offices have been explained by tables. It has been stated that the relation between the activities done and the equipment used by the working person effected planning. In the sixth section, the findings that are reached by the observations and questionnaires have been discussed and evaluated. Various solution proposals based on the data retrieved have been made. As a result, new suggestions have been made to adapt work-stations to recent progresses. »The applications that are meant to adapt the work-stations observed to the technological improvements have been gathered in 3 main groups: 1. To use the new equipment and the system in its previous order by leaving the pre-existing furniture as what they were: The offices which prefer this approach are the ones especially related with design, drafting and engineering and that they spend all their saving on purchasing new equipment. The computers have been placed on drafting tables, the possibility of working on large sheets has been destroyed. There's been no reference table used. The plotter/printer has been placed on an empty space without thinking of its position. The unchanged situations of airing where lots of electronic devices enter has called attention. The work-stations are not appropriate for ergonomic planning criteria, the space of working human requirements and for the psychological requirements. One of the problem mostly faced is the wrong way of placing the monitors in respect to the light source causing reflection and dazzling. 2. To go various changes for using the old furniture with new equipment: Tickle space-savers have been attached on the tables to gain enough working area or that a secondary plain has been obtained. It has also been observed that some furniture have been purchased aimed to serve new equipment and the cable confusion has been abolished by opening holes on the tables, if there has been no cable canals on them. The equipment and the furniture have been arranged so as not to restrict the task flow. The psychological requirements of the people have been ignored. 3. Creating work-stations with system furnishings : Those furnishings have been designed and produced in ergonomic dimensions to respond requirements of improving business world. Various acoustic criteria and the psychological requirements of the people have been ignored. When work-stations are examined, it appears that it is extremely incorrect to ignore psychological requirements of the people like speak privacy, visual intimacy, feeling the work-station as their territory and feeling safe when working. Those requirements have to be met so that people can work efficiently and concentrated. It's been observed that people are continuously trying to get things ready in stressful media. They are steadily working in front of the screen for hours. It is very natural that the muscles are loaded unilaterally and impossible to unload the stress because there is no motion. Piling over the body it causes many health problems. It appears that both the workers and the employers have to become more conscious. It is an obligation to rest both the body and the mind and relax the muscles with little breaks. Places where the working people can rest for 10-15 min. must be arranged in each office. It is not possible to make new equipment and new work organizations fit on the old order. It is possible to make successful adaptations with small changes but those applications should be made by professionals. For a good adaptation work-stations must be planned after the characteristics of every single person to work there, the kind of work, the work organization and the task flow is examined. Ergonomic planning criteria should be Xllfollowed by the planner so that psychological human requirements can be met by the by the work-stations. Chosen chairs should absolutely be dynamic. Electricity must reach to each electronic equipment one by one, cables should not stay on the ground. Electronic equipment are getting smaller in their technological progress, occupying less space yet consuming more energy. A new product enters our offices every day. Thus, the renewals made in the offices should be flexible. While everything is changing so quickly the design should no longer be for the office of today but should be that of tomorrow. The findings, results, and suggestions from this research can be helpful;. for architects, interior decorators who are at the stage of planing an office layout. for students, architects, interior decorators, product designers, who have projects about work stations, office furniture, office ergonomics. at the stage to get decisions about the changes in offices as a result of technological changes. for the furniture producers who should answer requests of the modern office needs. for the people who are faced with problems about their working conditions and for finding their own solutions. for giving information to employers to see problems of staff about their work stations and not repeating them again Xlll
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