GAP Bölgesi Şanlıurfa İli katı atık araştırması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55679
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. CUMALİ KINACI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 72
Özet
ÖZET Bu ödev kapsamında Şanlıurfa il merkezine ait katı atıkların miktarı, biriktirme ve taşıma yöntemleri, taşımada kullanılan araç sayısı ve taşıma kapasiteleri, katı atıkların boşaltım yerleri hakkında verilerin toplanması, katı atık madde analizlerinin yapılarak plastik, cam, metal, tekstil gibi yeniden kazanılabilir olanların miktarlarının saptanması, ideal biriktirme, taşıma sisteminin belirlenmesi ve alternatif depolama sahalarının tespiti çalışmalarını kapsamaktadır. Birinci Bölümde, yapılan çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı açıklanmış ve önemi vurgulanmıştır. İkinci Bölümde; katı atık teknolojisi ve yönetimi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde; Şanlıurfa il merkezinin katı atık uzaklaştırma açısmdan mevcut durumu ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; Şanlıurfa il merkezi için katı atık planlaması yapılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde düzenli depolama alanının boyutlandırılması yapılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde, genel değerlendirme yapılarak sonuçlar ve öneriler açıklanmıştır. vııı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY GAP REGION AND ASSESSMENT OF ŞANLIURFA SOLID WASTES Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term solid wastes is all-inclusive and encompasses all sources, type of classifications, composition and properties. As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated. There are ten different type of solid wastes. They are; * Domestic Wastes * Street and Marketplace Wastes * Hospital Wastes and Animal Wastes * Slaughterhouse Wastes * Garden and Other Wastes * Commercial Wastes * Excavation Wastes * Treatment Sludge * Industrial Wastes * Hazardous Wastes Storage, collection and disposal are important steps in Solid Wastes Technology. All thesesteps must be consistent with the Environmental Health and Standards. To a large extent, the types and capacities of the containers used depend on the characteristics of the solid wastes to be collected, the collection frequency and the space available for the placement of containers. Because of increasing cost (including the cost of labour, workers compensation and fuel and equipment costs) there is a strong movement in the waste collection field toward the use of large containers that can be emptied mechanically using a vehicle equipped with an articulated pickup mechanism. Where mechanical collection is to be used. The containers at the individual residences must be standardized to be compatible with the collection equipment. The functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means, facilities and appurtenances used to effect the transfer of waster from relatively small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended distances to either processing centres or disposal sites. Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centres increase to the point that direct houling is no longer economically feasible. IXThere are fine aside methods for solid wastes. They are 1. Reuse of solid Wastes 2. Land filling with solid wastes 3. Composting 4. Consumer 5. Pyrolysis Reuse of Solid Wastes materials now occurs most commonly in those situations where a product has utility in more than one application. For example, the paper bags used to bring home groceries are used to store household wastes prior to placing them in the containers used for their storage for collection. Soup and vegetable containers are used to store used cooking grease. Newspaper are used to start fires in fireplaces; they are also tightly rolled and used as logs for burning. While all of the above uses are important, their impact on the generation of solid wastes is minimal. A much larger impact would occur if beverage containers were to be recycled. Land filling involves the controlled disposal of solid wastes on or in the upper layer of the earth's mantle. Important aspects in the implementation of sanitary landfills include; 1- Site selection, 2- Land filling methods and operations, 3- Occurrence of gases and leakage in landfills 4- Movement and control of landfill gases and leakage. If the organic materials, excluding plastics, rubber and leather are separated from municipal solid wastes and are subjected to bacterial decomposition, the end product remaining after dissimilatory and assimilatory bacterial activity is called“Compost”, or“Humus”. The entire process involving both the separation and bacterial conversion of the organic solid wastes is known as composting. Decomposition of the organic solid wastes may be accomplished either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen. Most composting operations involve there basic steps: 1- Preparation of the solid wastes, 2- Decomposition of the solid wastes, 3-Product preparation and marketing. Receiving sorting, separation, size reduction, and moisture and nutrient addition are part of the preparation step. Several techniques have been developed to accomplish the decomposition step. Once the solid wastes have been converted to a humus, they are ready for the third step, product preparation and marketing. This step may include fine grinding, blending with various additives, granulation, bagging, storage, shipping, and in some cases, direct marketing. The principal elements of solid waste are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Under ideal conditions, when solid wastes materials are combusted (burned) the gaseous end products include CO2 (Carbon dioxide). H2O (water), N2 (Nitrogen) and SO2 (Sulphur dioxide). In practice, a variety of other gaseous compounds are also formed, depending on the operating conditions under which the combustion process is occurring.Of the many alternative chemical conversion processes that have been investigated, excluding incineration, pyrolysis has received the most attention. Depending on the type of reactor used, the physical form of the solid wastes to be pyrolyzed can vary from unshredded raw wastes to the finely ground portion of the wastes remaining after two stages of shredding and air classification. Upon heating in an oxygen-free atmosphere, most organic substances can be split through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation reactions into gaseous, liquid, and solid fractions. Pyrolysis is the term used to describe the process. In contrast to the combustion process, which is highly endothermic, the pyrolytic process is highly exothermic. For this reason, the term destructive distillation is often used as on alternative term for pyrolysis. Şanlıurfa, a city in Southeast Anatolian Region, lies between 37.8-38.46 longitude and latitude respectively. Şanlıurfa is surrounded by Mardin in the east, Gaziantep in the west, Adıyaman in the Northwest, and Diyarbakır in Northeast. Syrian border as determined by Ankara agreement in 1926, extends along south of Şanlıurfa. Şanlıurfa is situated in the south skirt of mid-Toros mountains. The mountains and high crest along north of Şanlıurfa descent toward south direction Great Plains are in the south part. Consecutive peaks are very common. Suruç, Harran,Viranşehir plains are among there west-east oriented mountains. The total area of city, extending to the west from edge parts, is 1858 km2, which make up 3 % of total area of Türkiye. 98.3 % of city land is arable. While 61.7 % is covered by platens. The percentage of city's population within Turkey's population is 1.3 %, as counted in 1980 census, which is 602.736 Number of persons that fall to 1 km 2 with the city is 32. If general social structure of Şanlıurfa city is considered, it is observed that the settlement regions of upper, mid and lower income groups are not clearly separated and upper income group is still rooted from agricultural base, social standard and solid waste production has maintained the same level. Therefore only two social structures (income group) have been taken into count for lands, measurement and observations. Taken these case into a count, we have carried out laboratory analyses in September 1993, Summer and January 1994 Winter to find out the characteristics of waste materials for the regions where mid and low income groups settlements places and analysing domestic waste materials samples. During these studies, daily domestic material per head for a determined day, its densities and the compositions of these materials have been presented in Table 1. It has been determined that the amount solid waste materials in 1995 is about 117298 tons /year according to the date obtain from Şanlıurfa Municipality. XITable 1. Daily Domestic Waste Material Production The compositions of solid waste materials collected from mid and low in come regions in summer and winter seasons. September '93, January '92, have been given in table 2. Table 2: Solid Waste Material Groups for Mid and in Come Groups The municipality officials stated that 5 % of solid waste material produced in the city in dumped in front of houses, 50 % is put 20 It.- gas containers, % 35 is accumulated in plastic bags. It has been observed that the different methods of garbage collecting are used according to the site and the width of the streets. The vehicles and animal force used for this purpose are as follows: 33 Horses, 15 Midi-Tractor with 1 ton capacity each, four tractors with 2 tons capacity each, 2 tractors with 1.7 tons capacity each, 4 tracks with 3.5 tons capacity each and 4 long trucks with 4 tons capacity each. There are only a few streets with sufficient number of garbage box which not enough. As it is usual thought the region and the country, people do not obey the rules to keep the streets clean. Especially regions where street coverage and curbs are not prepare, streets are in bad conditions in terms of Xllcleaning. Furthermore laboratory analysis have been carried out on domestic waste material samples and the results have been tabulated in Table 3. Table 3. Solid Waste Parameters for Mid Income Groups Solid waste materials are collected twice a week in Eyyubiye district, ones a week in Karşıyaka and Sının and daily in other districts. Small valleys in Akabe which is in the north of city are used as solid waste storage places. After filling up the capacity a new site in the Southeast of Karakoyun stream has been allocated for garbage collection. 292 persons are employed for cleaning in the municipality and ten are administrative personal, 45 drivers, 222 workers and 15 watchman. There are some deficiencies in cleaning works due to insufficient number of vehicle and equipment. In future a few plans to collect waste material with standard qualification should be established in the city centre. There are a few solutions to above mentioned problems in waste disposal: 1- The inhabitant of the city should be educated on Environmental and Hygienic conditions. 2- Educational activities should be organised for primary and secondary school children to give a concessions for environment. 3- A project should be prepared for the solution of solid waste materials problem. Xlll4- Environmental Engineers should certainly employed in the municipality and play a active role in administrative tasks. 5- People working for solid waste collecting transpositions and disposal should be form up by qualified persons and have environmental concessions. 6- A method of standardisation in waste materials deposition containers and transportation means should be adapted. 7- Disciplinary actions should be taken against casual and illegal waste material dumping around deposit sites and they should exactly be appealed. 8- Proper precautions should be taken according to laboratory analysis of waste material composition studies to be realised every year. 9- If possible technological develops should be followed and technical modernisation should carried out 10- Common solid waste plants should be established in the hospitals of Şanlıurfa and the waste produced from these hospitals should be collected by special teams. 11- The renewal of waste materials and Recycling+Composting of domestic materials should be washed in private plants which should be carefully investigated by municipality for economic and work purposes, and a suitable method for the disposal of waste materials should be selected according to the Regulations for Hazardous Materials. xiv
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