Açık konutta açıklık kriterleri üzerine bir çalışma uygulama: Halkalı toplu konutları
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55866
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HASAN ŞENER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 99
Özet
ÖZET Tezin amacı, günümüz teknolojik gelişimine, toplumsal değişim ve eğilimlerine uygun konutlar üretilmesi amacıyla kullanıcı katılımının esas olduğu endüstrileşmiş açık sistem çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen Açık Konut'un tanıtılması ve irdelenmesidir. Tez beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Açık Konut'un amacı ve bu konuda yapılan çalışmalardan söz edilmektedir. İkinci bölümde XX. yüzyılda toplumda siyasi ve ekonomik eğilimler ile bunların konuta ve konut kullanıcısına yansımaları incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde Açık Konut'un tanımı yapılarak, amacı ve sağladığı avantajlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Açık Konut olgusu planlama-tasarım, kullanıcı katılımı ve teknoloji olmak üzere üç boyutta incelenmiştir. Planlama-tasarım boyutunda açık sistemin temelini oluşturan katalog sistemi ve koordinasyon kuralları anlatılmış, değişebilirlik, uyabilirlik ve esneklik kavramları ve düzeyler yaklaşımı ile bu konuda dünyada yapılan çalışmalardan söz edilmiştir..Bunların sonucunda planlama-tasarım açısından açıklık kriterleri ortaya konmuştur. Kullanıcı katılımı boyutunda kullanıcı özelliklerinin belirlenmesi gereği ortaya konmuş, tasarım, yapım ve kullanım aşamalarında kullanıcı katılımı açıklandıktan sonra bu konudaki açıklık kriterleri ortaya konmuştur. Teknoloji boyutunda bileşen üretiminde teknoloji, şantiye aşamasında teknoloji ve kullanım aşamasında teknoloji konuları üzerinde durulmuş ve teknoloji açısından açıklık kriterleri ortaya konmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde İstanbul'un kentsel gelişimi ve Halkalı Toplu Konutları II. Etap Uygulamaları incelenerek bu örneğin açıklık kriterlerine uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde Açık Konut'un konut planlamasındaki yeri üzerinde durulmuş.Türkiye'de Açık Konut'un gerçekleştirilmesi yolunda atılabilecek adımlar konusunda öneriler getirilmiştir. vııı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY : A STUDY OF CR1TERIAS FOR OPEN HOUSE PRACTICE : HALKALI MASS HOUSING The aim of this thesis is to introduce and examine Open House by user participation, within industrial open system, with the aim of realizing suitable houses to todays technologic development, social changes and trends. The thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter there is an introduction to Open House. The second chapter has mentioned the specific, technological, economical, political formation in twentieth century and has examined the new social trends in the last days of this century. Accordingly the reflections of this new formation on dwellings, users and users' expectations have been pointed. Twentieth century has been a speed and change age in all fields. Democracy and free marketing economy have been considered important. By the result of democracy human rights have been improved and individuals willingness about participating in all fields of their lives have been raised. By the spread of communication tools and starting to live in the otomation age have been brought the globalisation. By the increase of the communication worlwide, willingness to reach comfort community have been greatly popular. Communities have greatly become consumption communities. The change and increase in consumption habits have forced fast production and to produce for a determined using life, to keep the production-consumption balance. By the result of human rights, consumers have been more conscious and they have had control over producers. As a result of this, producers have forced to produce by the directions of consumer needs and consumer desires anymore. All of these social trends have also affected dwellings. Dwelling users have been conscious about their needs and wishes and theyhave wanted to live in comfortable conditions and to participate various decision stages of their environment. IXVVithin the directions of new social trends to catch the dynamics of life in dvvellings is possible with high quality industrialized Öpen House which presents flexible solutions and consisting users' participation, so it is seen that Öpen House should ansvver new expectations. in the third chapter Öpen House theme have been explained in details. First of ali the“öpen”consept in architecture have insisted and it has defined in two parts:.öpen planning.öpen production Öpen planning is to consider the probable changes, additions and extractions because of any reasons at the beginning and to take flexible, adaptable and variable design decisions properly. Although, öpen production is the possibility of using different producers' compatible products vvhich had produced according to the conventions ali together and alternatively. Öpen House carries both öpen planning and öpen production characteristics in itself. Öpen House presents flexible, adaptable and variable solutions to dvvelling problem and gives maximum ansvver to users' needs and desires. Öpen House should be applied in countries vvhich have free market economy validity because of the importance of supply and demand balance and being free to international market. in this chapter Öpen House concept have been explained in three parts as planning-design dimension, user participation dimension and production- technology dimension. in planning-design dimension it is stated that Öpen House design enables the designer unlimited solutions by using infinite components (in theory) vvhich have been produced proper to conventions. in öpen systems, the components vvhich have been produced by different firms have been presented ali together with their ali dimensional, xperformance and other special characteristics and tolerances in a set of cataloges named“Öpen System Cataloge”to the designers and consumers. The main point of öpen system is the conventions. Conventions realize an arrangement and coordination betvveen design process and the components in planning-design stage and then in construction stage. Conventions have been explained in five catagories: i) General conventions ü) Special conventions iii) Ouality conventions and component cataloges iv) Conventions conserning the arrangement of markets v) Conventions conserning responsibilities, guaranties and insurances. General conventions:. Modular coordination rules (basic modüle rule).Dimensional coordination rules.Typification rules (technical dimensions) Modular coordination is a set of dimensions which contains a basic modüle and multimodules. Modular coordinationorganizes building design and building components by the help of modules and modular grids. Therefore modular coordination should be based on two factors:.dimensional coordination.Modular grid which creates geometric coordination dimensional coordination rules obtain components' compatibility from the geometric and dimensional point of view. The accepted basic modüle in planning is M=100 mm.. The planning is a two dimensional reference system with horizantally 3M multimodule.vertically 1M modüle are used. The ability of replacing öpen components vvhich have produced according to dimensional components is the the variability in Öpen House. in the face of changing needs, to meet the functional changes with minimum effort, but vvithout any structural interference is defined as adaptability. Though, the spatial changability to provide appropriateness of the dvvelling xiby the changing needs and wishes of the user is qualified as flexibility. Structural interference is also considered in flexibility. Realizing flexibility in Open House is depended on taking decisions in hierarchic levels in all stages of planning-design and construction processes. The level oriented design approach have arised from support-infill philosophy of SAR. The objective of SAR method is construction of fixed supporting elements, which are called supporting structure, without any decided organization. Disorganized spaces in advance are formed with floor and roof elements, supporting elements, exterior walls, circulation areas and service ducts. However, dwellings are formed afterwards, by arrangement of interior seperation walls, sanitary units, storage units and other subsystems in these disorganised spaces. OBOM working group of Delft Technical University makes scientific researches for the Open Building Foundation which was established in 1984 in Holland. OBOM have developed knowledge about consumer oriented design, building and management of the built environment by distinguishing three territorial levels that can be indicated in terms of:. infill level. support level. tissue level The new Finnish building system, named TAT system, is hierarchical, modulated system containing functional and spacial systems, a structural system, systems for ventilation, water supply, electricity, information technology and waste management. The aim of TAT system is to encourage architectural freedom as well as realizing construction with highly industrialized construction methods. TAT system takes the technical subsystems up which forms the functional building when put together as independent, compatible modules and components. Building was divided into five hierarchical subsystems:. Entire building. Subbuildings. Modules. Components. Nuclei XIIInstallations are mainly concentrated in the building's common areas and technical zones. Distribution into the apartments occurs via pipes situated in a raised floor or in the intermediate floor structure. As a result of all above knowledge planning and design criterias for open building have found out as follows: 1) Making use of cataloges-free choise 2) Being appropriate to coordination rules 2a) Being appropriate to modular coordination rules 2b) Being appropriate to dimensional coordination rules 3) Having variability property 4) Having adaptability property 5) Having flexibility property 6) Arranging supports and infill independent to each other. In the user participation dimension of the Open House it is stated that identifying potential users' characteristics is having priority. Five factors have suggested that can assist in identifying potential users' characteristics: i) The subpopulation group to which the household belongs ii) Life cycle stage of the household iii) The household's rate of mobility iv) The household's level of income. v)Household's housing behavior In which stage of the construction the marketing campaign started defines the user group whether being potential user group or target user group. User participation should realize in the following stages: i) User participation in design stage ii)User participation in construction stage iii)User participation in occupancy stage To realize user participation in design stage, marketing campaign starts befor design process because it is required to determine users' needs and desires by interview, observation, questionaire, simulation technics and by xiiithe help of computer. To realize user participationin construction stage, some of the units are sold and applicationsare made parallel to users' desires. Rest of the residences are completed according to these applications. It may reguired from the potential users to make choise from presented altarnatives or only support installation system finished residences are delivered and users are suggested to arrange their dwelling's infill according to thir desires. Inhabitants have possibility to buy the components which they choose from the cataloges and to arrange them with/without help. In the condition of user participation in occupancy stage all the residences are sold after their constructions completed. Residences are designed to allow inhabitant's desired changes. Inhabitants adapt their units themselves after they buy them. Further replacements because of functional or physical destruction are also possible. Criterias according to user participation in open building have found out as follows: 1) Realizing user participation in design stage 2) Realizing user participation in construction stage 3) Realizing user participation in occupancy stage 4) The flexibility and adaptability of dweling in occupancy stage. Technology and industrialization subject was stated as the third dimension of Open House. Building industrialization studies which have been beginning after World War II. tended to open industrialization and component approach because of decrease in demand and high quality environment and building desires after seventees. Component is a finished product undertaking a fuction in the building.in open industrialization. Components should examined in two groups according to design and production methods. i) ordered components XIVii) open (genrai/neutral) components Ordered components are produced according to ordered measures. However, open components are independent from projects, but produced by different firms proper to conventions and they are compatible. Open components are used in open industrialization. Components that constitute a building should grouped as follows: i) Foundations Supporting system sections noadbearing walls Columns and beams Slabs Building envelope Facade zone elements Roof Infill Partition walls, doors stairs Equipment parts Kitchen equipment Sanitary equipment lllimunation equipment Waste management equipment Vertical circulation equipment Communication equipment Components are grouped as:. heavy components. light components, according to their weight. Compatibility of different factory originated products is possible by producing them proper to conventions. Some working groups have been developing conventions worldwide. One of these conventions is NEN 2883 which was developed in Holland. Starting point of NEN 2883 conventions SAR coordination system. It is called zoning theory. It defined a special zone for every building part and component, and forces them to be placed in those defined zones. Grid system in NEN 2883 occurs coinciding two different grids which are 3M+3M xvand 2M+M. NEN 2883 was replaced by NEN 6000 to form a greatly streamlined and simplified standard. The planning grid to be used is a 3Mx3M grid. ACC conventions have developed in France and contain completed general conventions and still developing special conventions. The contents of ACC conventions are expressed in four titles:. Modular convention: Basic module - horizantal dimension MH=300 mm - vertical dimension MV=1 00 mm. Typification conventions: Contains technical dimensions. General conventions: Integration of modular dimensions and technical dimensions. Special condition of coordinating conventions: While components are positioned towards each other they are placed in: a) either modular penetration space b) or technical penetration space The open element system for dwelling blocks called BES was developed in Finland. It is based on the bearing walls model. The bearing frame of a dwelling block consists of transverse walls and hollow core slab floors. It acts as a frame when made a proper hole on the wall. Dimensioning is based on grids with 12M.6M, 3M multimodules and M basic module. In 1983 FRAME.BES was published. It is an open column-beam and column-slab precast concrete system for industrial, commercial and public buildings. The BEC system (Betoni-Elementti-CAD) was published in 1 987. Besides design and construction stages of precast units it has wide applications for realizing construction projects as well as making use of information technology. In construction stage of the Open House on-site procedure consist component transportation and assembly procedure differs according to the component weights. After assembly of components they are joined each other proper to dry joint details. Technology in occupancy stage is related to the mechanical equipment which were used in the dwelling. These mechanical equipments are functionally destructed against rapidly developed technology and they have xvito be renewed. Designing the technical subsystems out of support system as a subsystem of infill and completely independent allows their maintenace, repair, renew, addition or replacement to be done easily. Technological criterias for open building have found out as follows: 1) Independence between production-usage of components 2) Industrial production (Series production) 3) Simplicity of assembly and finish by quick and easy joints 4) Being proper to coordination conventions 5) Components' suitability to performance criterias 6) Installations'. usage simplicity. maintenance-repair simplicity. renovation possibility 7) Getting from stocksor getting quickly In the forth chapter urban development of İstanbul was indicated and Halkalı Mass Housing II. Stage 3000 residences application was examined according to criterias for open building. Urban development have been growing at the east-west direction in İstanbul. İstanbul is the most important city of Turkey from industry, commerce, services, education and cultural facilities angles. In the last forty years millions of emigrants have settled in İstanbul and the population reached to 6,8 millions by 1990. Emigrants who were emigrated to find better work in industry and service sectors have settled nearby the industry areas and they have built squatter's settlements. Today %60 of the dwelling stocks in İstanbul is constituted from squatter's. In the planning process periods which had begun after 1960 revolution, it was objected to reduce the dwelling investment portion in total investments, however the need to build more dwellings and the necessity of giving precedence to social quality housing was emphasized. After the third five year planning progress period, it was started to give title-deed to squatter's and so cities have become worst about planning. In the fifth five year planning progress period Mass Housing And Public Partnership (TOKÎ) was established and Mass Housing Fund was occured. TOKİ acts an important role in planning of residences, application of projects and obtains financing for constructing healthy urban areas. A financing source have xviicreated for dwelling financing with Mass Housing Fund. As a result of development of İstanbul metropolis at the east-west directions, the areas between TEM motorway at the north and E-5 highway at the south have opened to settlement. The new urban settlement Halkalı takes place at the west side of Istanbul and it is 20 km. distance from central business zones(MİA). Planning studies of Halkalı Mass Housing began in 1986 and it was objected to accomodate 320,000 inhabitants in 980 hectare area. Target user group of social quality Halkalı Mass Housing is low economic conditioned, lower-medium income groups who have real housing problems. So these houses have sold in appropriate conditions to target users' income levels. First construction work in Halkalı II. Stage Dwellings began in April 1993 by five contractor companies. Residences were delivered to the owners after July 1994. The houses were distinguished with one, two and three bedrooms from each other and arranged in three block types. A type and B type blocks are multistory buildings with 16 and 17 floors, C type blocks are multistory buildings with 4floors. Prelimary projects were prepared by TOKİ and they were given to the contractor companies. Final projects were prepared by contractors and they are given as appendix B in the thesis. Halkalı II. Stage Dwellings had constructed in tunnel-mould system. To examine the dwellings according to the criterias for open building, interviews were done with contractor companies Alarko A.Ş.,Eston A.Ş.and Soyak A.Ş. and a Nationally Industrialized system Inventory Forms have filled in. These forms are given as appendix C in the thesis. The evaluated results of the interviews were presented in various figures. As a conclusion it is found out that the most suitable dwellings to technological openig criterias were Soyak A.S.dwellings, the most suitable dwellings to planning- design criterias were also Soyak A.Ş. dwellings, but according to user participation opening criterias all the dwellings have the same values. With the aim of increasing dwelling qualities, reaching flexible solutions which were created with user participation and adaptability of the developing technology to the dweling it is needed to study on Open House XVIIIsubject. Producers have to get more knowledge about industrialized open building and tend to produce open components because of the necessity of rising the dwelling standards. Universities and producer companies have to cooporate and have to be in coordination. After these efforts besides increasing building production quality, it should be possible to enter international construction market. XIX
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