In- and outbreeding effects in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 593314
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. PETER SCHAUSBERGER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Biyoloji, Zooloji, Biology, Zoology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2019
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna)
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 91
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
The thesis consists of three inter-related but independent studies on in- and out-breeding effects in plant-inhabiting predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis. Phytoseiulus persimilis are haplo-diploid and pseudo-arrhenotokous; both females and males arise from fertilized eggs but males lose the paternal chromosome set during embryogenesis. In the first study, I assessed the fitness benefit-cost trade-offs between in- and out-breeding at the individual level. In the second study, I assessed the population dynamics of lineages from two origins of P. persimilis, Sicily and Greece, which, after founding, switched to obligatory inbreeding, at graded levels of genetic relatedness between founder mates (siblings, same population or different populations). In the third study, I assessed whether P. persimilis females can use a common inbreeding avoidance mechanism, that is, kin recognition; in detail, I evaluated the mate preference of females given binary choices according to familiarity and graded levels of genetic relatedness (close kin to distant kin to non-kin) of the mate options. The first study supports the optimal outbreeding theory and existence of an optimal balance between in- and out-breeding. Mating at intermediate levels of genetic relatedness (same population but no siblings) provided for the highest fitness gains. I assessed the mating behavior of P. persimilis at different mate relatedness levels, and examined the number and sex ratio of their offspring. In the experiment, I used females from iso-female lines of two populations (Sicily and Greece), which mated with either a sibling, a male from the same population or a male from the other population. This study revealed that females mating with a male from the same population produced more eggs over longer time than females mating with a sibling or with a male from the other population. Mating duration was longer, and the proportion of daughters was higher, in sibling couples than couples of the same population and couples from different populations. Mating latency was unaffected by the genetic relatedness of mates. The second study shows the consequences of founder in- and out-breeding levels for the population dynamics of chronically inbreeding lineages over four generations. Founder females were mated with either a sibling male, a male from the same population (but from a different family) or a male from the other population. After founding, experimental lineages were subjected to chronic inbreeding and increasing food stress. In the short run (F1 generation), females mated to a male of intermediate level of genetic relatedness (same population) performed the best; such females produced more offspring than females mated to a sibling or to a male from the other population. In the medium to long term (F2 generation onwards), females mated to an unrelated male performed better than females mated to a sibling or to a male from the same population. This study suggests that distantly outbred founder females introduced higher allelic variability and lower homozygosity levels, counterbalancing inbreeding depression from the F2 generation onwards. In the third study, I assessed the mate preference of females given binary choices according to familiarity and genetic relatedness of the available male options, based on the predictions of optimal outbreeding and (k)in breeding theories. (K)in breeding theory suggests that, at similar direct fitness costs, females should prefer to mate with close kin over non-kin because of inclusive fitness gains. Optimal outbreeding theory suggests that females should prefer mates at intermediate levels of relatedness for an optimal balance between in- and out-breeding. Virgin females were presented binary choices between brothers and distant kin or non kin. Females from the Greece population preferred to mate with their unfamiliar brothers. Females of both origins preferred to mate with males from same population over their brothers. However, they preferred to mate with brothers over non-kin. This study revealed that females can flexibily base their mate preferences on inclusive fitness trade-offs of in- and out-breeding in dependence of the mate options. Overall, in- and outbreeding depression have been rarely studied in haplodiploid organisms. My thesis aimed at filling this gap in knowledge and providing a basis for future works. My thesis may contribute to improve the use of P. persimilis and other pseudo-arrhenotokous predatory mite species in augmentative and classical biological control of herbivorous mites in agricultural settings.
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