Improving financial sustainability of socialsecurity system in Turkey
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 645557
- Danışmanlar: PROF. GRAHAM GLENDAY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kamu Yönetimi, Public Administration
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2016
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Duke Unıversıty
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
Turkey has been undergoing significant demographic and social changes that will continue in the 21st century as well. Almost all indicators suggest that demographic transition period is about to be over and a new period of time is about to begin. Undoubtedly, this transition will affect the social, economic, and political life. One of the important parts of our daily lives is social security. A country's social security system refers to the provision of all forms of social insurance, assistance, and public services for the protection of citizens and their families against expected and/or unexpected risks of life such as income losses due to ageing, disabilities, death, occupational accidents and diseases, maternity, and unemployment. More particularly, how a social security system functions, especially concerning the provision of old-age insurance (pension) and health insurance is affected especially by changes in main demographic structures and social and political environment in a country. The fiscal balance between revenues and expenditures and therefore the functioning of a social security system is specifically sensitive to changes which occur over time in the structure of a country's population particularly in the case of social security services provided by a Pay-As-YouGo (PAYG) system just like the case in Turkey. A PAYG scheme running the pension and health insurance system without incurring deficits requires that total pension expenditures paid out to retirees not exceed total revenues from contribution collected from active insured people. However, in Turkey, that has not been the case for almost three decades. Along with 1990s, social security system in Turkey has had financial problems due to various reasons. The most significant ones of them are early retirement implementations, informal employment, low rates in premium collection, tax treatment for pension 8/75 contributions (in terms of full allowance of the deductibility of contributions) and pension benefits, and, increasing unemployment, especially youth unemployment. Due to these financial constraints and along with some structural issues, financial sustainability of social security system in Turkey poses significant problems that can distort the balance of social security system and cause irreversible negative consequences for the whole society. All indicators show that Turkey's social security deficit increased more than double in last two decades. In order to overcome this important problem, this paper has explored different dimensions of the issue. These dimensions are informality, early retirement, tax treatment for social security contributions and pension benefits, distortion in active/passive ratios, high replacement rates, inefficiency in contribution collection, and financial effects of social security deficits on government budget and borrowing. The policy recommendation for this issue is a mix of both short and long-term policy alternatives. Among short-term policy alternatives, there are implementing an incentive program for informal workers to get them into formal side, publishing actuarial reports at least once every five years, and reintroducing social security support contribution which was partly abandoned in February 2016. In addition to these, long-term recommended policy alternatives include taxation of pension benefits, non-allowance of pension contribution deductibility, speeding up the introduction of the 65-year retirement age, active labor market programs with contribution incentives, increasing inspection capacity, and mini-job incentives. The important point in the long-term policy alternatives is that taxation of pension benefits should not be implemented together with disallowance for deduction of pension contribution from taxable income since this would be very heavy taxation. The ultimate goal of all these policy alternatives is to provide a durable and financially sustainable social security system for the whole citizens.
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