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Köpükle ötelemenin eclipse ile nümerik simülasyonu

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 66481
  2. Yazar: ABBAS AYTAÇ İNAN
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. KAMİL HAKAN ALKAN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Mühendisliği, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1997
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 81

Özet

ÖZET Ağır petrol içeren petrol rezervuarlannda üretim artırma yöntemlerinin uygulanmasında çeşitli sorunlarla karşılaşılır. Petrolün sudan daha viskoz ve kimi zaman ıslatan faz olması, ötelemeyi güçleştirir ve petrolün büyük bir kısmı üretilemeden rezervuarda kalır. Böyle durumlarda petrolü hafifleştirip, akmazlığım düşürmek amacıyla gaz enjeksiyonu ya da öteleme sırasında düşük mobiliteye sahip akışkan enjeksiyonu uygulanır. Bu çalışmada gözenekli ortamda mobilitesi düşük bir akışkan olan köpük yönteminin matematiksel modellemesi araştırılmıştır. Modelleme için ticari bir simulator olan“ECLIPSE”kullanılmıştır. ECLIPSE-FOAM yazılımının henüz test aşamasında olmasından ötürü, simülasyon sonuçlan teorik bilgilerle karşılaştırılmış, simülatörün köpük tam saha simülasyonu için kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ilk adım olarak model rezervuarlar ECLIPSE ile geometrik olarak tasarlanmış ve veri dosyasına gözeneklilik, geçirgenlik, kuyuların konumlan gibi parametreler girilmiştir. İki ayn temel model hazırlanmışta-; birincisi homojen yapıda bir rezervuan, ikincisi ise heterojen, çatlaklı yapıda bir rezervuan modellemek için düşünülmüştür. İkinci adımda genelde uygulanan üretim artırma yöntemlerinden, su ve gaz enjeksiyonu simüle edilerek, sonuçlan toplam üretim, üretim debisi ve akışkan doymuşluklan olarak alınmıştır. Üçüncü adımda gerek homojen, gerekse de heterojen modellerde köpük enjeksiyonu ECLIPSE-FOAM paketi yardımıyla modellenmiş ve sonuçlar diğer yöntemler ile karşılaştınlmıştır. Son adım olarak, köpük yöntemindeki parametrelerin üretimi ne kadar etkilediğini görmek için herbir parametrenin üretim performansına etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla veri giriş dosyasındaki köpük parametreleri sabit tutulmuş, sadece gözlenecek parametreye farklı değerler verilerek üretime katkısı ve gözenekli ortamdaki davranışı araştınlmıştır. Çalışma yürütülmekte olan bir simülasyon projesinin birinci adımı olarak düşünülmüştür. Bu nedenle amaca uygun olarak ECLIPSE-FOAM paketinin anlaşılması, pilot modelde köpük yönteminin simülasyonunda karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çatlaklı rezervuarlann modellenmesi hedeflenmiş ve hedefe ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sunulan aşamadan sonra ECLIPSE-FOAM gerçek saha simülasyonu için kullanılabilir duruma gelmiştir. VIII

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY The most important problem of miscible/immiscible gas injection (CO2, N2, hydrocarbon gases) to increase oil recovery is the rapid breakthrough and gravity segregation due to high mobility and low gravity of the gas. The success of the foam drive process depends greatly on the reservoir/fluid properties and thus experimental and mathematical studies are of high importance before the application. However related to the difficulties on the mathematical definition of the static and dynamic behavior of foam, the studies on the mathematical modeling of foam drive process are newly developing. The FOAM package of the worldwide commercially used ECLIPSE reservoir simulator is also a new attempt of estimating the performance of the foam drive. In this study, which is intended to be a master thesis, it is aimed at numerical modeling of foam drive process by using ECLIPSE. Firstly, the original test data set of ECLIPSE-FOAM is used to understand and check the mathematical formulation used in the simulation. In a second step of the study a new data set is formed based on the typical characteristics of the oil reservoirs in Turkey and on the laboratory studies. After a basic homogeneous geometrical model is created, the performance of water, gas and foam flooding are investigated. The same study is conducted for a heterogeneous model which is intended to simulate a fractured reservoir. The various parts of the study is detailed as follows: a. The design and set up the basic model. Homogeneous model: The homogeneous model used in the study is designed as a five spot pattern formed from 21x21x4 grid blocks. The size of the grid blocks are 40x40x35 ft at the first two upper layer and 40x40x25 ft the second two bottom layer. The porosity of the layers has been entered as 0. 18 while the permeability has been given as 20 mD. The production well is situated at the center of the model with a well diameter of 0.5 ft. The PVT properties of the model oil has been entered to the data file as a heavy oil. The relative permeability data is also given in data file. Heterogeneous model: The heterogeneous model created to model a fractured reservoir is based on the rock properties of Batı Raman reservoirs. As done in heterogeneous model a five spot pattern has been designed with 11x11x2 grid blocks. The matrix blocks measure 40x40x35 ft in both layer. The porosity of matrix blocks has been entered as 0.18 whereas fracture porosities are entered as 0.01. On the other hand, the permeability of matrix blocks are given as 20 mD and the fracture permeability as ID. These values are comparable with the measured permeabilities of Batı Raman reservoir. Creating separate sections for matrix and fractures in the data set, all rock, IXfluid and processes parameters are entered separately both for matrix and fracture. Processes Parameters: All processes parameters of water, gas and foam injection have been entered based on the field applications. A water injection rate of 2000 STB/day has been entered for each injection well. Gas injection rate has been selected as 200 Mscf/day, whereas the same rate has been entered as foam injection rate also. The experimental data of Batı Raman 0İİ/CO2 mixture has been entered as pVT properties of the reservoir oil. Doing this it is intented to simulate immicible CO2 injection applied in Batı Raman Field. Related to the injection pressure, the reservoir oil shows characteristics of the mixtures simulating the immicible CO2 project. The foam parameters are mostly treated from previous experimental studies. b. Test runs The model designed for simulation of foam injection process is tested with sample runs and the results are compared in terms of qualitative results of the previous studies. The basic keywords of FOAM package are tested separately. The mobility reduction factors and adsorption isotherms are entered together with the effect of oil and water to the foam stability. The performance of the FOAM option of ECLIPSE were tested with test runs. c. Basic Runs Basic runs of water injection, gas injection and foam injection are performed with original data sets for both homogeneous and heterogeneous models. The results were plotted to compare the performance of each method. d. Sensibility studies The effect of some foam injection parameters to production performance and sweep efficiency of the processes is investigated. The results are compared in terms of total oil production and also areal and vertical sweep efficiency. Some of the parameters that are tested for sensibility study are listed below:. Mobility reduction factor. Adsorption values. The effect of the pressure on foam stability. The effect of oil saturation on foam stability. The effect of water saturation on foam stability. The effect of water flooding The above summarized study has been performed using FOAM GRID, GRAF package of the ECLIPSE. The graphical presentation of the results are mostly taken from graphic package GRAF, especially in the case where three dimensional distribution of the saturations are required. XThe important results of the simulation runs can be described as follows: Homogeneous Reservoir Model: Figure 1. compares the results of gas and foam injections into homogeneous model. As can be seen, the total production due the foam injection by the end of the production period reaches to 100000 STB approximately whereas 40000 STB of oil could be produced by gas injection. The examination of the oil saturation distribution throughout the model shows the reasons of the low production rate; as can be expected the areal and vertical sweep efficiency is very low in the case of gas injection. Low displacement performance causes high oil saturation values especially in the blocks far away from injections and in the lower blocks. The sweep efficiancy profile improves in the case of foam injection. The behavior of GOR is a good indication of this improvement. As can be concluded from Figure 2 contrary to the gas injection, GOR remains approximately the same, at a low value by the end of the production period. This is an obvious indication of the foam performance on blocking the gas flow. The water injection performance has not been compared with gas and foam injection because of unrealistic high production values due to increase of pressure in the reservoir. 120000 120 PQ 80000 CO H a o.a o % o 1000 2000 Time, day 3000 4000 Figure 1. Total production and production rates for homogeneous model XI1000 100 C/D o I 10 r 1 r -^r- Gas injection Foam injection 1000 2000 Time, day 3000 4000 Figure 2. Gas-Oil Ratio in homogeneous model Heterogeneous Reservoir Model: The performance of gas, water and foam injection is compared in Figure 3. in terms of total oil production. As can be concluded from figure, water injection shows the lowest performance. It should be noted that the imbibition due to capillary pressure is also taken into account in the case of water injection. Gas injection assures a total production of 110000 STB at the end of 4000 days whereas by foam injection the total production reaches to 200000 STB. A comparison of the GOR' s shows the effect of foam on blocking the gas flow, a GOR of 40 Mscf7STB is obtained by injecting foam, whereas GOR reaches to 70 Mscf/STB with gas injection. Foam reduces the gas mobility and improves the sweep efficiency areal and vertically. Obviously the reduced gas mobility is due to the mobility reduction factors given in the data sets as function of surfactant concentration. Higher the mobility factors, lower will be the production performance. A series runs conducted out by using various sets of mobility reduction behaviors shows these results. The effect of fracture spacing by changing the value of o sigma indicating the size of matrix blocks is also investigated. It has been concluded that the effect of the fracture spacing on foam xnperformance is not critical. The total oil production decreases as sigma decreases indicating that matrix blocks increases in size. The effect of pressure and saturations on foam performance has been estimated by changing the values given in corresponding keywords. It has been calculated that the pressure can be an important parameter in the case of pressure sensitive foam. As a result of this study, it is concluded that FOAM package of the ECLIPSE simulator is an efficient tool to model foam displacement processes in homogenous and heterogeneous reservoir. However, the use of some keywords such as FOAMADS could not be understand exactly. Taking into account the difference in the reology of foam in matrix and fractures the effective use of the keyword FOAMMOBS is especially important and more efforts should be done to improve its use. 240000 200000 pq 160000 H CO I S 120000 I 3 80000 40000 foam injection gas injection I I water injection 4000 Figure 3. The comparison of total oil productions in the case of heteregeneous model. xm

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