Büyük açıklıklı yapılarda çatı örtü malzemeleri
Roof covering materials for wide span buildings
- Tez No: 66696
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. BİLGE IŞIK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 98
Özet
TÜRKÇE ÖZET Geniş açıklıklı yapıların, tarih süresince ve günümüzde kullanıcıların, toplu olarak bulundukları ve fonksiyonların buna bağımlı olarak hangi yöntemlerle saptanması gerektiğini tezin giriş bölümünde görmekteyiz. Çevrenin yapı üzerindeki etkileri, dış çevre ve iç çevre etkileri olmak üzere iki ana grupta ele alınarak, konforun nasıl sağlanabileceği konusu ikinci bölümde ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, taşıyıcı sistemler ve örtüler incelenmiştir. Taşıyıcı sistemlerin; tasarım aşamasında ve uygulama safhasında izlenecek yöntemler, yapıya etkiyen yükler ve bu hesaplanan yüklere göre kullanılacak eleman boyutlarının saptanması açıklanmıştır. Konu başlığı gereği taşıyıcı sistemler; büyük açıklıklı sistemler çerçevesinde anlatılmıştır. Geniş açıklıklı yapılarda kullanılan çatı örtü malzemelerinin incelendiği dördüncü bölümde, örtüler ana malzeme tiplerine (metal, plastik vb.) bağlı olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Örtü malzemelerinin, teknik özellikleri, üretim özellikleri ve uygulama yöntemleri anlatılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde; çatı örtü malzemelerinde oluşan hasar tipleri ve bu hasarların oluşum sebepleri ele alınmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde; geniş açıklık kavramı, çevre etkileri ve yüklerin etkisi ile, kullanılacak çatı örtü malzemesinin seçimi konusu birlikte irdelenmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
ROOF COVERING MATERIALS FOR WIDE SPAN BUILDINGS SUMMARY A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination of these. Building design is the process of providing all information necessary for construction of a building that will meet it's owner's requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare, and safety requirements. Environmental physics ( sound, UV rays, wind, light) effects the building on both sides, external and internal atmosphere. Some of these effects like sound, light, heat exist in and around building. Energy in the form of heat is transferred from one material or substance to another because of a temperature difference that exists between them. Heat always flow from a hot to a cold object, in strict compliance with the law of thermodynamics. This direction of heat flow occurs by conduction, convection or radiation and in any combination of these forms. Sound is a vibration in an elastic medium. It's a simple form of mechanical energy, and can be described by the mathematics associated with the generation, transmission, and control of energy. In the most cases of interest, a human is the receiver in the source-path-receiver chain. Hearing is the principal subjective response to sound.The most common sound control measures usually involve acoustical treatment to absorb sound; but equally important are: use of barriers to prevent air bone sound transmission, interruption of the path with carefully designed discontinuities, use of damping materials to minimize radiation from surfaces. For practical design, wind and earthquake may be treated as horizontal, or lateral, loads. Although wind and seismic loads may have vertical components, these generally are small and readily resisted by columns and bearing walls. Estimation of design wind pressures is complicated by several factors. One factor is effect of natural and man-made obstructions along the ground. Another factor is the variation of wind velocity with height above ground. Still another factor complicating wind pressure calculation is the effect of building or building component shape or geometry on pressures. Snow, ice and rain loads; in effect, are nonuniformly distributed, vertical, live loads that are imposed by nature and hence are generally uncertain in magnitude and duration. They may occur alone or in combination. Design snow loads preferably should be determined for the site of the proposed building with the advice of meteorologists and application of extreme value statistical analysis to rain and snow records for the locality. Rain loads depend on drainage and may become large enough to cause roof failure when drainage is blocked. Ice loads are created when snow melts, then freezes, or when rain follows a snow storm and freezes. These loads should be considered in determining the design snow load. Snow loads may consist of pure snow, ice and water. The primary building decision is one of structural form. There are three basic divisions of structural form: solid construction, skeletal construction, surface construction. XIISolid is the most intuitive form, from cave and rock temple to load bearing brickwork. Great skill and ingenuity was employed in enclosing space by the transfer of non-vertical reactions through arches, vaults, domes, and abutments to vertical forces at foundation level. Solid construction relies on a heavy homogeneous wall mass within which, in the ideal state, compressive forces are uniformly distributed. Skeletal forms are also traditional, having developed from experience and the availability of materials. Tent is an early, special form of skeletal construction in which the enclosing membrane was stressed in conjunction with an internal framework. Modern tent structures have succeeded in liberating the skeleton from within the skin. The structural elements of struts, ties and beams were extended to frames by the triangulation of struts and ties, and inevitably to the three-dimensional space frame. In the surface structures the load bearing surface both defines the space and provides support. In the design of surface structure an exact understanding of its behaviour and an appropriate scientific analysis is required. Such structures have only recently become practical building realities because of the availability of new materials ( reinforced concrete in particular ). Roofs are constructed in a variety of shapes, of which the more common are gable or shed, hip, gambrel, mansard, sawtooth and flat. The slope of a roof is generally referred to as the pitch and is expressed as the ratio of the rise of the roof to the horizontal span. While a multitude of materials are utilized as roof coverings, there are basically two main groups into which they are classified, single-unit roof coverings and multiunit roof coverings. Single unit roof coverings are any roof surfaces, flat or sloped, that become, after application, a single entity. xmMultiunit roof coverings are materials suitable for application on steep roofs and consist of many pieces installed individually, usually partly overlapped. This category includes such products as roofing shingles manufactured from asphalt-coated felts; tiles and shingles of plastic or glass compounds; asbestos-cement, aluminum steel, and wood shingles; and clay, concrete, and slate tiles. Glass-fiber felts may be used as a shingle base. The type of roofing material used to waterproof a structure depends largely on shape and slope of the roof, compatibility of materials to be installed together, geographical location, end use of the building, desired esthetic effect, and cost. For steep roofs, a multiunit roof covering generally is advisable. In selection of the type, location of the building is an important factor, because climatic differences dictate the choice. Industrial buildings, stations, sport halls etc. are generally covered with a flat, single-unit roof. Roofs with sweeping curves, thin-shell domes, hyperbolic-paraboloid shells, folded plate roofs, and other unconventional surfaces call for a single unit covering that can be applied over difficult to waterproof shapes. Elastomeric or plastic fluid-applied compounds are often specified for the purpose. Compatibility of materials used in the construction of a roof is of extreme importance and requires careful study before a decision is made in the selection of products. Chemical reaction between two incompatible products can create undesirable softening, hardening, bleeding, cracking or peeling. Differing thermal contraction or expansion of roof deck, insulation and covering can result in splitting and cracking of the roof membrane. For example, foamed-in place polyurethane insulation, with its exceptionally high coefficient of expansion, when used with the wrong coatings, will crack and split, permitting moisture to enter. XIVThe juncture of chimneys, walls, and roof projections with the edge of a roofing membrane is the most vulnerable area of the whole structure, because of the possibility of poor flashing. All flashing material is affected by the expansion and contraction of the material itself, and by similar forces in the material with which it is in contact. These forces tend to pull the flashing away from the wall, leaving a gap through which water can leak past the flashing into the wall. XV
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