Yapı kabuğundaki dış sıva hasarlarının belirlenmesi

Determination of damages on external plaster of building enclosure

Tez No: 66830
Yazar: ALEV AKIN
Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. BİLGE IŞIK
Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1997
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Yapı Ana Bilim Dalı
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 126

Özet

ÖZET Yapı koruyucusu olan yapı kabuğuna, diğer bir deyişle dış sıvaya etki eden iç ve dış etkenler ile bunların malzemeler üzerinde oluşturduğu hasarlar bu tezin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Yapı üretiminde değişen şartlara göre istenilen kalite ve konfor düzeyinin sağlanması için çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, prensip olarak dikkat edilecek hususlar ve dolayısıyla dış duvarlardaki dış sıva bileşeninin korunumunun ne kadar güç ancak ne kadar gerekli olduğu anlatılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, yapının dış duvarı, dış duvardaki katmanlar ve katmanların görevleri incelenmiştir. Bir dış duvar elemanını karşılaması gereken işlevleri ve sahip olması gereken performans özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde, dış sıvaların malzemeleri, üretim yöntemleri ve türleri açıklanmıştır. Dış sıvalara etki eden atmosferik olaylar, yapısal aksaklıklar, malzeme ve uygulama hataları, kullanım faaliyetleri sırasında görülen yıpranmalar ile oluşan hasarları dış sıva hasarlarının nedenleri olarak dördüncü bölümde anlatılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ; yapıların bütününde veya malzeme bazında, tasarım, yönetim, uygulama evrelerinde hasar oluşması riskini azaltmaya yönelik önlemler yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın altıncı bölümünde ise tüm yıpratıcı faktörler içinde hasarlarına rağmen koruma görevini sürdüren bazı örnekler incelenerek hasar analizine yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde; yapı genelinde yapı kabuğu, sıva, hasar nedenleri, önlemler ifade edilerek, durum örneklenmiş, böylelikle yapı kabuğunun yapı ve insan sağlığı için önemi belirlenmiştir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY DETERMINATION OF DAMAGES ON EXTERNAL PLASTER OF BUILDING ENCLOSURE The quality of a building is described not by its color or dimensions but the life standart and comfort level it provides for man. High quality construction is getting easier by the rapid developments in the sector. Today, there are good examples of high quality constructions as the best signs of this technologic development achieved by the use of industrial equipments, various material alternatives and educated labour power within the last 35 years in Turkey. Afterwards, quantity and quality in construction have decreased as a result of the energy crisis causing a significant increase in production costs. The production in the construction industry is completely based on the balance between the consumer demands and supply; the more it gets difficult for the customer to afford the more the material gets cheaper and thus the quality of the product decreases. However, it has still been possible to make high quality construction, though the first cost value is high, by the help of proper materials chosen by their performance characteristics, the correct and properly designed application details and a modern quality control system during production process. Such buildings with high first cost value are always more economic than the ones of which the choice, design and application processes have not been performed properly. Since the buildings are naturally deformed not only by the use of insufficient and inadequate parameters for high quality production but also by certain natural or artificial factors during their use, each building has an unavoidable maintenance cost throughout the whole life. Although the deformation may either occur in material or in the structure itself completely, the structure should always be considered as a whole. Each element used in the construction effects the others and therefore the building should be protected entirely. The self-protection quality of a building is in relation with its enclosure characteristics. A deformation in any of the structural elements may be maintained only after it was recognized by eye. It is hardly possible to see the movements in the foundation caused by the unsuitable ground conditions. However, such deformation gradually appears on the enclosure of the structure since there is an interaction between the parts that make up the whole. The maintanence period begins when the deformation appears on the exterior or interior coatings of the building enclosure. The exterior walls and roofs are the enclosure of a building. Since the building enclosure is a complex and comprehensive subject, this thesis study is concentrated on the exterior walls. The exterior walls are to protect the wall structure in general by the selectivity of their opaque elements and by the infiltration of their transparent and moving elements in order to provide the required comfort conditions of the interior spaces. The functions of the exterior wall element is in relation with its following specificiations.1. Bearing strength 2. Resistance and protection 3. Esthetic 4. Proper insulation values 5. Exterior surface features. The basic exterior wall is composed of at least 3 layers; a) Exterior coating b) Structural core c) Interior coating In order to increase the protectivity of the wall itself, it is possible to form multi-layer exterior walls through the use of some additional layers with specific properties appropriate to various criterions. Since the layers strongly effect each other, they should have common principals of their behaviours against certain conditions. This also causes an increase in the performance characteristics of the exterior wall. The interior layer of the exterior wall is mostly used for satisfying esthetic requirements. The structural core is the most important component for the protection of interior spaces and therefore the design parameters of the exterior wall core should be determined carefully in order to provide and to maintain the required comfort level of the enclosed spaces. The deformations on the core of an exterior wall which is not sufficiently equipped to resist the attacks from inside or outside are often hard to repair and may most probably cause the whole structure to become too deformed to live in anymore. The exterior coating of the exterior wall is significant of its protective characteristic; it functions as a protective envelope for the exterior wall core and thus for the entire building. In masonry walls plaster is often used as the exterior coating element. It is possible to apply the plaster on both the inner and outer facings of the wall core in order to protect the surfaces from mechanical, physical or chemical attacks. It also acts as a sub-layer for the esthetical finishing materials. The traditional plaster mixture consists of a binding agent or mixture, filling material and water. It is also possible to add certain special design materials with specific characteristics in order to satisfy various esthetic requirements. The binding agents used in traditional plaster mixture are, in general, cement, lime, cement+lime and gypsum.Plaster is applied as either 1 or 2 layers depending on its mix design, on the binding agent of the material or on the general conditions of the surfaces it is applied. The two layers of the plaster are called Floating coat and Setting coat. Floating coat ; it provides the adhesion between the surface of the wall and the setting coat. Adherence force must be high. Its hardness may be the same or less the hardness of the wall core. However, it must be harder and therefore its mix design must be more than the setting coat. The floating coat is to be of appropriate thickness to perform its adhesive function. Setting coat ; it is applied on the floating coat and should be smooth enough to form a sub-layer for an esthetic finishing material. The studies on plasters are concentrated on the following sections; 1. According to the production methods: 1.1. The traditional plaster mixtures made in the construction site 1.2. The premixed plasters produced in factories 2. According to the facings it is applied: 2.1. Internal plasters 2.2. External plasters The traditional plaster mixtures are made in the construction site. They have various types named by the amount and type of the binding agent used. The premixed plasters are functionally developed for standart and mass production. The plasters are of two types as external plasters and internal plasters named by the facings they are applied. The external plasters can be described as the filters and dampers of the buildings provided that they are applied according to the previously determined standarts and instructions. A satisfactory building enclosure is achieved by a well-formed external plaster. Most deformations and deteriorations firstly occur on the plaster just as the general damages of the whole structure appears on the plaster at first. There are 4 main causes for the external plaster deformations. 1. Outside conditions 2. Structural defaults 2.1. Structural defaults before or after the plaster application 2.2. Inaccurate and insufficient surface conditions for plaster application 3. Damages caused by plaster mixture3.1. Inappropriate plaster mixture 3.2. Wrong application of the plaster mixture 4. Deformations caused use The most important effects among the damages caused by the outside factors (atmospheric events) results from water penetration. Precipitation of every kind like rain, snow and hail is the most damaging weather effect. Water penetration will occur under wind pressure and capillary action through joints, defaulted details, cavities within the wall core and the cracks and holes on the surface. The amount of water within the assembly will vary proportionally to increases and decreases in the wind pressure and porosity of the material. The water penetrated into the wall under mechanical forces will react with soluble salts within the construction and thus produces efflorescence on or under the internal or external surface of the wall. The water transfer between the salt concentrations shall have deleterious effects on the surface like the encrusted zones and blisterings on the plaster. The efflorescence can be removed easily with water. The water, after absorbed by the material, will have a phase change process (frost action) due to a sudden drop in temperature. The expansion that occurs on freezing leads to splitting on the plaster surface. Water vapour diffusion is another important factor causing damages on the plaster. Vapor sources are; * Structural materials * Interior atmosphere conditions * Exterior atmosphere conditions The wall may allow vapor diffusion only to a certain extent. However, the negative changes in the environment conditions during the vapor migration may lead to damages. An increase in the moisture content of the air or a fall in the temperature of the air and/or the surrounding surfaces cause condensation. There are two forms of condensation as surface and interstitial. The adequate apply of insulation or the use of vapour barriers and retarders are certain ways of preventing condensation. The heat transfer in the atmosphere is through 3 ways; Conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer through one of these ways will cause differences in atmosphere and surface temperatures. The materials are subject to dilatation and shrinkage due to the effects of these differences. Joint details must be applied accurately in order to be prevented from the damages result from dimensional changes.The effectiveness of the solar radiation depends on the color, texture and place of the material. Infra-red radiation reduces the surface temperature. Ultraviolet radiation causes deformation by breaking the molecular bounds in its chemical formula. It is important for the wall to be appropriately assembled to provide the required acoustic system so that the noise interaction between the internal and external atmospheres is optimized without a failure to provide the needed comfort level. The particles, dirt and chemicals driven by precipitation or air pressure are deposited on particular areas on the surface; they cause pollution and form additional coats on the surface. Damages on the building itself mostly result from structural defaults and defects. Such problems are hard and sometimes impossible to solve after the construction is finished. Taking the correct system decisions and designing the joint details appropriately before the production will prevent the occurence of such destructive damages. The architectural details on the enclosure often lose their function due to certain esthetic requirements. Defaulted vertical and horizontal sail - overs, inappropriate joineries and inadequate joint beds will allow water diffusion. Water penetration causes staining on the differentially washed surfaces, cracks and crumbles on the plaster and the loss of adhesive ability due to chemical and physical deformations in the materials. The plaster is not a cover for structural and surface defaults. Clean and smooth surfaces will contribute to the adhesive ability of the plaster as thick as the surface itself. The plaster mixture without the required performance specifications and effects the bearing and protective quality of the plaster. The binding agent, mix design and application method of the traditional plaster mixture varies according to the applied surface and the atmosphere around. The damages are unavoidable in case that the pre-mixed plasters are not applied according to the standard instructions and that the packing and storing standards are not followed carefully. Although certain standards have been developed in order to stop the defaults in the application of plaster mixture, uneducated labours and untimely application still cause damages. Cracks will occur on the plaster due to the physical and chemical deformations in the wall resulted from mechanical forces during the use period, the effects of both the special installations of equipments for specific purposes and the normal living practices. Whatever the reasons for damages are, the consistent attitudes concerning the material and system decisions and a well organized quality control mechanism during all kinds of applications are the bases of high quality production. There are standards developed for repairing the damages on the external plasters; in cases that the standard instructions do not provide the satisfactory solutions for the problems, understanding the causes of damages is usually the best point to start.BÖLÜM 1 GİRİŞ Dünya bir atmosferle çevrilidir. İnsanlar çağlar boyunca atmosferin olumsuz etkilerinden korunmak için kendilerine bannaklar aramışlardır. Günümüzde barınma ihtiyacını çözmek üzere büyük bir yapı sektörü oluşmuştur. Yapı sektörünün amacı, sağlıklı yapı üretimek ve kullanıcının konforunu sağlamaktır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise düşük maliyet veya yüksek kar istekleri ön plana çıkınca sağlık ve konfor gereklilikleri göz ardı edilmektedir. Olumsuz koşullar minimize edilse dahi temeli atılıp yükselen bir binanın, inşaatı sırasında başlayıp, ömrü tamamlanıncaya kadar birçok etken tarafından eskitildiği kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. Yapıda çeşitli iç ve dış etkilerle oluşacak bozulmalar, herhangi bir bileşende meydana gelecek hasarlar, çoğu kez yapıdan yararlanmayı azaltır ve yapıyı hiç kullanılmayacak hale getirebilir. Bu durumda en uygun onarım kararlan uygulanmalıdır. Ancak onanma gitmek yapıyı korumak demek değildir. Önemli olan hangi koşullarda, hangi kusur unsurlannın hasara neden olabileceğini belirleyerek önlem almak ve koruyucu sistemleri devreye sokabilmektir. Yapı başlı başına bir bütün olduğu halde, özellikle atmosfer etkilerinden en yoğun olarak etkilenen bileşeni yapının dış kabuğudur. Yapı kabuğu denilince yapının dış duvarlan ve çatısı anlaşılmalıdır. Yapı kabuğu bir yandan kendisini diğer yandan ise insanlann yaşayacağı mekanı korumalıdır. Dış duvarlar, iç ve dış tüm çevresel etkilere karşı tepki gösterir ya da iç ve dış ortamlar şartlarından etkilenir. Dış duvarlarda görülen etkiler, kimyasal ve fiziksel dengesizlikler meydana getiriyorsa, çoğu zaman ortaya 'hasar1 çıkar.

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