Türk konutunda mahramiyet olgusuyla ilgili tasarım parametrelerinin incelenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75271
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. ALPER ÜNLÜ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 111
Özet
ÖZET Tasarımcı, uygulamanın yapılacağı yerdeki kültür ve mahremiyet anlayışını, bunlara bağlı mekansal düzenlemeleri, mahremiyetin konutlar üzerindeki farklı görünümlerini inceledikten ve bunlarla ilgili sorulara doğru yanıtlan bulduktan sonra tasarımlarını gerçekleştirmelidir. Bu fikir doğrultusunda tez kapsamı içinde- öncelikle kültür ve mahremiyet kavramlarının tanımı, kültürel farklılıklara bağlı olarak mahremiyete duyulan ihtiyaç, dünyada ve Türk toplumunda görülen farklı yansımalar, toplumların kendi kültürlerine ait özellikler ışığında mahrem kabul edilen yerlerin kontrolü için hangi mimari elemanları veya sembolleri kullandığı ve mahremiyetin konut üzerindeki fiziksel, davranışsal ve sembolik görünümleri incelendi. Daha sonra, toplumların sahip oldukları kültürlerinde; sosyo ekonomik gelişimlerin, globalleşen dünyada toplumlar arası kültür alışverişlerinin fazlalaşmasının ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle kadının toplumda üstlendiği yeni roller, kadın ve erkeğin eşit haklara sahip olmaları ve kadının çalışma hayatına katılmasıyla birlikte kültürel özelliklerde ve aile yapısında gerçekleşen değişimler ele alındı. Bu değişimlerin konut içi yaşamı da beraberinde etkilemesiyle oluşan yeni mahremiyet anlayışına bağlı mekansal düzenlemeler, örneklerle anlatılmaya çalışıldı. Diğer toplumlarda olduğu gibi Türk toplumunda da bu bağlamda, Cumhuriyet öncesi, sonrası ve 1950 sonrası olarak üç dönemde yaşanan değişimlerin, mahremiyet olgusunun bu üç dönemdeki farklı görünümlerini karşılaştırarak, kültürel değişime bağlı olarak yetersiz kalan geleneksel Türk konutlarının yerini yeni dünya görüşünü yansıtan tasarımlarda düşünülen mekansal düzenlemelerin neler olduğu bulunmaya çalışıldı. Sonuç olarak geleneksel çözümlerin, tüm toplumlarda olduğu gibi geleneksel Türk konutlarında da, yeni konut içi yaşantının gereklerine karşı yetersiz kalmasıyla oluşan yeni mekansal düzenlemelerin neler olduğu, tasarımcının bazı kararlar alırken hangi tasarım parametrelerine dikkat etmesi gerektiği tez kapsamı içinde açıklanmaya çalışıldı.
Özet (Çeviri)
EXAMINATION OF DESIGN MEASUREMENTS CONCERNED WITH PRIVACY IN TURKISH HOUSE SUMMARY The main purpose of the architectural design is to create suitable environments for their users. Designers, before making decisions to form new architectural spaces, have to know how culture and privacy have influence on our social lifes. Within this main theme, cultural studies are decribed in the first chapter of the thesis. First of all, the thesis is aimed to find the answers of these questions;“ What is culture?”,“ How culture affects on societies?”,“ What kind of cultural reflections can be seen in houses ?”. According to these questions, descriptions of culture and boundries of culture are explained. Culture is not hereditarily to come from our parents. Human wasn't born with culture. Culture can be learned by living in a society and goes on by passing from one generation to others. Boundries of culture aren't recognized because it doesn't belong to national boundries. For example Turkey has got East culture and Middle-East culture from its history and language, has got Mediterranean culture after Turks came near to sea side of Mediterranean. Secondly, the thesis is aimed to find the cultural changes, according to socio- economic factors and cultural relations between different societies and cultural affects on organizations of architectural spaces. When the needs and wishes of individuals of a society change, these changes also reflect on culture. Changes on culture are affected by cultural processes; enculturation, acculturation, diffusion, culturation, culture shock and trans- culturation. Religion, zone, climate, geographical features cause societies to have different cultures from each other. And so different cultures affect on organizations of architectural spaces differently.All cognitive processes can be linked to culture. According to Rapoport there are four relations in organizations of spaces : Dwelling- community relations, public- private relations ( public, semi- public, semi- private, private ), man- woman relations ( sexual segregation ) and front- back relations. Definitions and theories of privacy are explained in the second chapter of the thesis. This chapter aims to find one of the fundamental theme of living;“ What is privacy?”,“ Why we need privacy?”. Amos Rapoport (1977) defines privacy as the ability to control interactions, to have options and to achieved desired intteractions. All people need privacy. The need for privacy is universal and contributes to the meeting of other human needs such as security, affilliation and esteem. Degree of privacy which is needed, will be changed from one culture to another. So reflections of different kinds of privacy can be seen all over the world. «. - - Privacy would be understand in two ways: desired ( ideal ) and achieved ( out come ) privacy. Too much privacy ( achieved privacy greater than desired privacy ) leads to feeling of social isolation, too little privacy ( achieved privacy less than desired privacy ) leads to subjective feeling of crowding. Crowding is stressful because it limits personal autonomy and expression and breaks down desired communication patterns. When achieved and desired privacy are equal to each other for a culture, optimum conditions are provided for these individuals of society. Probably the most common, obvius and clear- cut example of the sex / elimination linkage is to be found in culture's insistence on privacy on a sexual basis, men's and women's rooms, which guarantees a complete privacy from the opposite sex but only limited privacy from members of the same sex. And also in this chapter; types, functions and dimensions of privacy, behavioral, ecological and cultural appearances of privacy are defined as the theories of privacy. Four types of privacy are; solitude, intimacy, anonymity, reserve. Four functions of privacy are; personal autonomy, emotional release, self- evaluation and limited and protected communication. There are several dimensions of privacy; self-ego dimension, interaction dimension, life- cycle dimension, biography- history dimension,control dimension, ecology- culture dimension, task orientation, ritual privacy dimension and phenomenological dimension. In behavioral, ecological and cultural apperances of privacy, thesis is aimed to find the answers of questions“How do people from different cultures regulate social contact among themselves?”,“How they accomplish to control over interaction';*”The role of space organization and barriers in such cases seems general. And they should be considered in design phase. And it should be acted depending on the cultures. If privacy shows differences according to the cultures, architectural designs will also have some principles again depending on the different cultures. In some cultures, degree of privacy which is needed, is lower or higher than the others. It changes depending on the many things (i.e., life styles, life circles, climates, areas, geographical features, religions,... ). Because depending on the areas, even architectural elements or materials will show differ. The third chapter focus on privacy in traditional Turkish houses. Reviewing the historical background of the subject, we'll find the entrance of meaning of privacy in Turkish houses, the development of dwelling spaces in Turkish houses and houses with sofa, relations between tents or yurts with rooms that are the basic units of Turkish houses, reflections of privacy in traditional Turkish Houses and the changes on usage of dwelling spaces according to religion. Appropriation of space in relation to privacy in Turkish Houses has a very long history of about 500 years. However, there is hardly any special study on the privacy behavior of Turkish people in their homes and neigbourhood and settlements. The word for privacy“ mahremiyet”in Turkish is originated from Arabic and it indicates the secrecy of women. In Turkish houses, rooms were the most important factors influencing the plans. All rooms were used for several functions, dealing with eating, cleaning and sleeping. You can see the same approaches in Turkish nomads and their yurts. That's why according to one of the main consinderation, the space organizations of rooms were orginated from tent's life. Sofa was also the most important factor influencing the plans. Typology of sofa houses was based on evolution process“ Outer sofa, inner sofa, central sofa”. Different organizations and interactions between rooms and sofa create different type of traditional Turkish house plans. Within the islamic rules, privacy of the family and the women in terms of all contexts were the main motive in the design of traditional Turkish House. There were strict rules about not to be seen by the outsiders. The houses were strictly closed to the street, to neighbours on ground floor and can only be opened from the second floor. Accordig to plans, elevations and space organizations, you can easily understand which ethnical groups or religion that householders belongs to. x iThe problem area of the thesis is determined in the fourth chapter. The problem is to discuss changes in cultural values, family, privacy, notion of new privacy achieved in dwelling spaces and the insufficiency of traditional solutions for the new modern social life According to socio- economic developments, interaction between different cultures, existence of democratic family structure, women in working life, equal rights between married adults, children deman for their own rooms, changes on usage of spaces, cause to need new design solutions. Cultural changes, interactions between other socities effect the daily life in traditional houses. The way of new modern life, especially impressed on by western cultures, changes many of the architectural elements and spaces used in traditional houses all over the world. These effects are also seen in traditional Turkish houses. An immense architectural tradition created the harmonious surroundings of Turkish community only a few generations ago, but it was destroyed as a result of fundamental changes caused by new world view, westernization and industrialization movements. In Ottoman period, culture and change in social life did not demostrate parallel indicates as western cultures did. The healty relations can be seen after the establishment of the Republic. What distinguishes Republican period from Ottoman period is the radicalness and totalizing character of the civilizational shift that Kemalism sought to accomplish, from a traditional society to a westernized, modern and secular one. Whereas the private dwelling and the daily life of a typical Ottoman at the turn of the century displayed a fascinating blend of western ways with old customs and habits. After Republic, there was a more complete break seen with traditions. In 1930' s the word modern and contemporary were used for desirable qualities of the new cultures of living in western- style houses and apartments. The new concept of plans and spatial lay out are replaced the functionally to undifferentiated rooms of traditional houses. The fifth chapter, according to physical, behavioral and symbolic appearance of privacy in dwellings, indicates architectural design measurements concerned with privacy. The changes of privacy in Turkish dwelling spaces are determined by comparision of changes in three periods; before and after Republic and after 1950's. From these comparisions, we can find the answers of questions;“ What kind of privacy perception does exist or not ?”,“ Which approaches are used for providing privacy in spaces?”for these three periods. - x 1 1 -Before Republic period, privacy of women and the family life was so important. The most part of the family daily life was taken place in, high walls surrounded by the court yard or the garden. The ground floor was closed to street and windows are mostly covered. Sofa could not be seen from the street. The house is opened to outer world at second floor by large windows which were controlled by fences. After the Republic period, according to new word view and westernization movements. The living room is existed on the ground floor. The balcony and the the living room can be located at street side. Privacy of women and sexual segregation is not appeared commonly in the house. Every place of the house can be used by all sexes and ages. To show the new way of modern life, windows can be opened everywhere, garden walls are comparatively declined. Consequently, conclusion of the thesis in the last chapter can be summarized as follows; " ~ Case studies and researches show us how and which cultural elements changed and which new elements are appeared. And lastly we can say that architectural design measurements will be going to reflect different socio- behavioral issues in the future, if the development of socio- economic factors, cultural values and privacy continue to change. The main point in this interaction is to determine architectural design parameters in any case. Naturally, the motion of privacy or territoriality changes by time, but the important thing is here, we should design appropriate settings, even though changes occour in societies. - x 1 11 -
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