Metropoliten aşanda hizmetler sektörünün gelişimi ve İstanbul örneği
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75286
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. HALE ÇIRACI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Bölge Planlama Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 89
Özet
ÖZET Tarımda çağdaş üretim araçlarının kullanılmasıyla ve sanayi devriminin gerçekleşmesiyle kentleşme süreci başlamıştır. Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yansından itibaren üretim faaliyetlerinin şehir merkezinden desantralize olmaya başlamasıyla metropoliten alanlarda, en genel biçimde ticaret-idare-kültür faaliyetleri olarak adlandırabileceğimiz hizmetler sektörünün yoğunluğu artmıştır. Bir ülkenin ekonomik gelişiminde çok büyük bir paya sahip olan hizmetler sektörü, metropoliten alanın en başta gelen faaliyetidir. Özellikle yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yansından itabaren bilişim teknolojilerndeki gelişmeler sonucunda hizmetler sektörünün bir alt kolu olarak adlandırabileceğimiz üretim hizmetlerinde büyük yoğunlaşmalar meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik gelişmede büyük paya sahip olan hizmetler sektörü ve üretim hizmetlerinin metropoliten alanda nasıl geliştiğini açıklamak ve daha sonra bu sektörün ülkemizde ki gelişimini ortaya koyup Türkiye'nin en gelişmiş metropolü olan İstanbul'un geçmişteki ve bugünkü durumunu inceleyip, İstanbul'da doğu yakasında bir hizmet merkezi olarak gelişmeye başlayan Altunizade hakkında bilgiler vermektir. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde çalışmanın amaından bahsedilmiş ve ikinci bölümde metropolitenleşmeye değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise hizmetler sektörünün tanımı, dünyada ve Türkiye'de nasıl geliştiği, hangi faaliyet türlerini içerdiği ve metropoliten alanda nereye yerleştikleri anlatılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde Üretim hizmetlerinin tanımı yapılmış ve ülkemizdeki gelişimi seçilen belli illerin sektörel yapı verileri ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Daha sonraki bölümde ise İstanbul'da Merkezi İş Alanı'nın(MİA)geçmişten bugüne gelişimi değerlendirilmiş, üretim hizmetlerinin İstanbul metropoliten alanındaki dağılımı ele alınıp doğu yakasında bir üretici hizmet merkezi olarak gelişmeye başlayan Altunizade'deki durum detaylı olarak imar planlan ve arazi kullanım paftaları ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Son olarak bu çalışmada üzerinde durulan konuların ışığı altında ülkenin en önemli karar verme ve koordinasyon merkezi olan İstanbul'da MİA'nın gelecekteki durumu ve Altuniza-de'deki gelişimle ilgili değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. vı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE SECTOR IN METROPOLITAN AREAS AND EXAMPLE OF ISTANBUL The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the development and location of the service (especially producer services) sector in Istanbul and to make some suggestions about the future of Istanbul. At the beginning of this thesis, detailed information about the formation of metropolitan areas, their development, the activities included in the metropolitan areas are given. In the second section, the basic and the most important activities of the metropolitan areas are explained as the service sector. The detailed definitions of the service sector, its development in metropolitan areas and its criteria for the location are given. After that the sub-sectors of the service sector which are consumer and producer services are explained, and the producer services which is the basic theme of this thesis is emphasized. In addition, the role and the importance of Istanbul is examined in the period of globalization, some suggestions are given about the role of Istanbul in the globalization process. Also the location of the producer services in the metropolitan areas are clarified, the case in our country and the metropolitan areas are taken into consideration. While the informations are given about the situation in our country, the DIE data are used to show and explain the development and change of the proportion of service sector among the sectors for the years as the years 1980-1985- 1990 are taken into consideration. In the fifth section, the development of the service sector, Central Business District (CBD), and the location of producer services in Istanbul are explained. The past development, the position of the CBD in Istanbul today, are explained in detail with the maps taken from the metropolitan plan of Istanbul. After these explanations, the expansion of the CBD over the Istanbul metropolitan area is taken into consideration with the development in east part of the metropolitan city. The development of the firms in Altunizade is examined by the data taken from ITO, Istanbul metropolitan plan, the data and plans taken from the Üsküdar municipality and the studies made at the area. As a result its seen that there is a rapid and condensed development in Altunizade. And the data show that this development will continue in the future. Also the Istanbul metropolitan area plan includes the decisions for the developments of other business centers in Istanbul. At the end of this thesis, some evaluations and suggestions are made for the future of Istanbul. With the development of agricultural production and mechanization in agriculture, the process of urbanization started. The changes in production type and VHthe development of industry brought out the new forms of human settlements. These new forms are called as metropolitan areas and this process is called as metropolization. Briefly, metropolization can be explained as the development of transportation-industrialization and communication. The activity districts of a metropolitan area are central city, suburbs and suburban fringes. Central city is the brain of a metropolitan area and the most important features of a central city are as follows: Organized market Development in industry Transportation and communication possibilities Progressed financial organization The density of non-agricultural employment Density of organization and specialization Division of management and control Decentralization The level of being externalized with the central city. The dominancy of central city, and mutual dependency The cities around the metropolitan area show metropolitan characteristics. The most important activity district of a metropolitan city is Central Business District (CBD). CBD is the coordination and control center of the metropolitan city and the service sector which is the most important function of the metropolitan cities are condensed at these areas. The characteristics of CBD are as follows : Accessibility Face to face contact Potential of employment Expert councillor Finance-Credit possibility Education possibilities Employment potential Existence of leisure activities Agglomeration Economies The governmental, cultural activities are condensed in the CBD so accesibility to these activities is easy. The main subject of this thesis is the service sector which began to develop at 1960's. The service sector began to grow when the production activities began to leave the city. After this, cities turned to the trade, culture and administrations centers. With the development of service sector the economic basis of cities have changed. In general we can define service sector as the activities in the exterior of agriculture and industry. VULBasically, service sector has two sub-sectors which are producer services and consumer services. Our main subject is the producer services. Convergence of operating and consumer markets is the main and basic activity of the producer services. These activities are banking, insurance, finance, real estate, legal services, account and professional establishments. Generally, producer services give services directed to firms. These services are condensed in central areas where the governmental establishments and corporate companies are located. In central areas, the firms use the advantage of accessibility to support functions. The transportation of information for searching and production activities are possible in these areas. The most important reason for the choice of CBD is the agglomeration economies. In Turkey, the development of service sector began with 1970's. According to the 1980-1985 and 1990 data taken from DİE the proportion of agriculture has declined in all of the cities and parallel to this, an increase has happened in industry and service sector. The sector distribution of DIE is as follows : Hunting, fishing and agriculture Mining and quarrying Production Industry Electricity-Gas And Water Construction Wholesale and Trade Transportation- Communication and Stockage Real Estate- Banking- Insurance Public Services Undefined activities In this work, mining, quarrying and production is included in industry, electricity- gas-water, wholesale, construction, hotels, restaurants, trade, transportation-communication-stockage, finance-real estate-insurance activities are included in the service sector, and agriculture, fishing and hunting are included in the agriculture sector. In 1935, the proportion of agriculture was %80 and in İ990 this proportion has declined to %54. Industry's proportion was %7.8 and it has reached to %13. In 1935, the service sector's share was %12 and it reached to %33 in 1990. In all of the cities, especially in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, the proportion of industry and service sector have increased according to urbanization. The most important service centers of Turkey is Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. In all of the metropolitan areas, the finance- banking-real estate-transport-communication-stockage proportions have increased. As a result we can say that in all metropolitan areas the proportion of producer services and service sector is more condensed when compared to the other sectors. IXistanbul has been the service and control center of Turkey since the Ottoman periods. When we look at the role of Istanbul in the globalization process, the aim of Istanbul is to be an international metropol. Because of its geopolitical location, Istanbul is the linkage point of regional markets, and global finance. At the beginning trade functions have located in Eminönü-Beyoğlu district and after that CBD has extended to Şişli and Beşiktaş. In east part, the centers were Kadıköy and Üsküdar. In 1950 the office functions were located in Eminönü and Karaköy. Between 1965-1984 CBD began to develop on Mecidiyeköy-Şişli-Maslak axis. With the construction of Boğaziçi bridge, Taksim, Şişli, Mecidiyeköy, Büyükdere district has condensed. When the west and east sides are compared, we see that retail has condensed in east part of Istanbul. The other administration, coordination, finance activities have condensed in west part. %24 of Istanbul's service sector employment is in east part, %76 is located in west part. The producer service firms are mostly located in Kadıköy, Şişli, Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Fatih, Eminönü, Bakırköy and Üsküdar. The most important centers are Şişli in west side and Kadıköy in east side. The service sector is continuing to expand in Istanbul and it has jumped to Altunizade in Üsküdar. The producer service offices of Üsküdar are located in Altunizade because of the transportation possibilities. The most condensed service activities according to the different districts are as follows :. Banking-Finance : Kadıköy, Şişli, Beşiktaş, Beyoğlu. Transportation : Kadıköy, Şişli, Fatih, Eminönü. Computer : Şişli, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Beyoğlu. Real Estate : Şişli, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Bakırköy. Advertisement : Şişli, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Beyoğlu. Trade : Şişli, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Beyoğlu Altunizade is located on the junction point of TEM, E-5 and Boğaziçi bridge roads. The area of the trade functions were 170775m2 in 1985 plan and it increased to 34895 lm2 in 1991. From the data taken from ITO we see that the most develpoed producer service is machine equipment and sysetms (%34,69), the second dense sector is Transportation (%23,47), the third dense sector is banking- finance-Real estate(% 16,33). The other service establisments are, real estate agents, trade agents, customs broker. These service establishments are condensed on the street where Capitol exists today, the reason is because thi street is the linkage of the first Bosphorus bridge and E-5 Road. The informations taken from the municipality and the spatial works show us that most of the houses which are located on the main street of Altunizade, will become a service establishment in the future. Also, the existence of new firm building constructions support our forecasting for Altunizade. In the spatial studies its seen that the most densed firms are banks, insurance and computer firms and many establishments prefer to locate their head offices in Altunizade.As we understand from these explanations, Altunizade has the capacity to accommodate these service functions and these functions prefer to locate at this district. In this thesis, I have tried to give explanations about metropolization, service sectors, producer services. After these explanations an information about the metropolization in Turkey has given and development of producer services in Istanbul has been explained. At the end of these thesis the development in Altunizade is examined and some suggestions are made for the future. As a result we can say that, Istanbul has to achieve many things to become an international metropol. First of all, the migration to Istanbul should be stopped so there will not be an unplanned living environment and this can be achieved by the correct and efficient decisions made and applied by the government and the municipalities. The quality of the social life should be improved. Education and health facilities should be improved. Transportation-underground constructions must be improved. Enough amount of sheltering must be obtained for the people and these houses must have good qualities and living conditions. Unlicensed constructions must be stopped in order to have a better living environment and to stop the formation of the slum areas also to achieve an equal social life. In order to achieve the social and economic development, accessibility to knowledge is important, to achieve this, research and development activities should be enforced, the communication possibilities with the world must be improved. As a conclusion we can say that the growth of CBD will continue in Istanbul and especially as explained in the Istanbul metropolitan plan, the development will continue in the new centers in east and west part. But in order to solve the traffic and condensation problems in IsatanbuL, the central business district must be developed at the surrounding, less condensed and accessible parts of the metropol so the pressure on the central business district and the traffic problem will be solved. The development of the producer services in the east part will be condensed in Altunizade and its surrounding. But this development will make a force on the residential areas around Altunizade. So the center will not be able to expand in a proper way. There will be a big pressure and traffic problem in this area, the amount of the residential areas will decline. In order to solve this problem, the central activities should be developed at the fringes of the Istanbul metropolitan area (in east and west parts). Thus, the central activites, which need efficient transportation possibilities and more space, should be located at the less denser districts in order to develop and this may be achieved by a correct plan. xt
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