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Katı atıkların geri kazanılması

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 75556
  2. Yazar: DENİZ AYDIN
  3. Danışmanlar: YRD. DOÇ. DR. ATİLLA ALTAY
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1998
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 166

Özet

ÖZET Türkiye 21yy'a girerken özellikle katı atık meselelerini tam olarak halledememiş olmanın sancılarını çekmektedir. Dünya literatüründe eşine az rastlanan çöp patlaması gibi facialarda insan ölümlerine şahit olduğumuz bir ülkenin en önemli mühendislik konularından biri olması gereken katı atıklar, halihazırda birkaç istisnası dışında, toprağa gömme(vahşi depolama) suretiyle bertaraf edilmektedir. Başta İstanbul olmak üzere birkaç şehirde yeni yeni, düzenli depolama alanları, çöp yakma ve kompostlaştırma tesisleri işletmeye alınmakta veya inşasına başlanmaktadır. Atık maddeleri toprağa gömmenin (vahşi depolamanın) ötesinde, çöplerin bileşiminde yer alan ve ekonomik değer taşıyan maddelerin geri kazanılmak suretiyle ülke ekonomisine tekrar dahil edilmesi düşüncesine altyapı oluşturmak amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmanın 2. Bölümünde, dünyada büyük önem önem kazanmaya başlayan ve katı atıkları üretiminden nihai uzaklaştırılmasına kadar olan süreçte bir bütün olarak kabul ederek, buna göre stratejiler belirlemeye dayanan“Entegre Katı Atık Yönetimi”kavramı ayrıntılı olarak anlatılmıştır. Katı Atık Yönetimi alt başlığında, bir Katı Atık bertaraf yöntemi olan günümüzde büyük önem kazanmaya başlayan geri kazanım kavramı çalışmanın 3. Bölümde tüm boyutlarıyla incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. 4. Bölümde ise Geri kazanım çalışmalarında önemli tecrübeleri bulunan Amerika ve Avrupa'daki uygulamalar genel olarak ve ayrıca birebir pilot çalışmalar bazında incelenmiş, bu incelemelerde EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) ve ERRA(Eurepean Recovery and Recycling Association)'nın bilgi birikiminden faydalanılmıştır. 5.Bölümde Türkiye'deki geri kazanım faaliyetleri; mevzuatından, mevcut uygulamalara kadar incelenmiş ve son bölümde bir "Kaynağında Geri Kazanım Ön Projesi' ile bu çalışma sonucu elde edilen bilgilerin pilot uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, akademik çalışmaların ülkemizin karşılaştığı problemlere üreteceğimiz çözümlerle daha anlam kazanacağı, derinleşeceği ve zenginleşeceği inancıyla, Katı Atık Yönetimi ile ilgili yönetici ve uygulayıcıların dikkatlerine sunulmaktadır.

Özet (Çeviri)

RECOVERY OF SOLID WASTES SUMMARY Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The adverse effects of solid wastes on; S Human body and soul, S existence of the other living things, s surface and ground water and the air, s public aesthetics, and S natural beauties etc. must be carefully taken into account and must be, evaluated by the scope of a plan and a program. The term“Solids Waste Management”which was appeared as a result of the requirements noted above may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning and engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional planning, geography economics, public health, sociology, demography, communications, and conservation, as well as engineering and material science. When all of the functional elements have been evaluated for use, and all of the interfaces and connections between elements have been matched for effectiveness and economy, the community has developed an integrated“Solid Waste Management”ISWM is defined as, the management of solid waste based on a consideration of source reduction, recycling, waste transformation and disposal arranged in a hierarchical order. The purposeful, systematic control of the functional elements of generation; waste handling, separation and processing and transformation of solid waste; transfer and transport; and disposal associated with the management of solid wastes from the point of the generation to final disposal. Components of an integrated solid waste management system is as follows.SOLID WASTE INPUT PRE-SORTING AND COLLECTION MSW Compost Mass Bum Landfill CENTRAL SORTING ± THERMAL TREATMENT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Sec. Materials Energy Compost Figure 1 Components of an integrated waste management system [5] The safe and reliable long-term. disposal of solid waste residues is an important component of integrated waste management. There are six functional elements in the solid waste management system : xvFigure 2 interrelationships between the functional elements in a solid waste management system [2] The recovery of separated materials, the separation and processing of solid waste components, and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element. The type of means and facilities that are used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities and disposal sites. Processing often includes the separation of bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous metals using magnets, volume reduction by compaction and combustion. Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and recover conversion product and energy. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) can be transformed by a variety of chemical and biological processes. The most commonly used chemical transformation process is combustion, which is used in conjunction with the recovery of energy in the from heat. The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting. Materials that have been recovered from residential and commercial municipal solid wastes (MSW) are as follows : XVITable 1 Materials that have been recovered for recycling from municipal solid wastes (MSW) [2] Recyclable materials Types of materials or uses Aluminum Paper Old newspaper (ONP) Corrugated cardboard High-grade paper Mixed paper Plastics Polyethylene terephthalete (PETE) High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Multi layer and other Mixes plastics Glass Ferrous metal Nonferrous metals Yard wastes, collected separately Organic fraction of MSW Construction and demolition wastes Wood Waste oil Soft drink and beer cans Newsstand home-delivered newspaper Bulk packaging; largest single source of waste paper for recycling Computer paper, white ledger paper, and trim cuttings Various mixtures of clean paper, including newsprint, magazines, and white and colored long-fiber paper Soft drink bottles, salad dressing and vegetable oil bottles; photographic film Milk jugs, water containers, detergent and cooking oil bottles Home landscaping irrigation piping, some food packaging, and bottles Thin-film packaging and wraps; dry cleaning film bags; other film material Closures and labels for bottles and containers, battery casings, bread and cheese wraps, cereal box liners Packaging for electronic and electrical components, foam cups, fat food containers, tableware and microwave plates Multi layered packaging, ketchup and mustard bottles Various combinations of the above products Clear, green, and brown glass bottles and containers Thin cans, white goods, and other metals Aluminum, copper, lead, etc. Used to prepare compost; bio mass fuel; intermediate landfill cover User to prepare compost for soil applications; compost for use as intermediate landfill cover; methane; ethanol and other organic compounds; refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Soil, asphalt, concrete wood, drywall, shingles, metals Packing materials, pallets, scraps, and used wood from construction projects Automobile and truck oil; reprocessed for reuse or fuel XVIITires Automobile and truck tires; road building material; fuel Lead-acid batteries Automobile and truck batteries; shredded to recover individual components such as acid, plastic and lead Household batteries Potential recovery of zinc, mercury, and silver Why Recycle ? Recycling reduces the amount of waste that needs to be buried in a landfill or incinerated. This reduction in volume may result in reduced disposal costs and add to the useful life expectancy of a landfill. And recycling puts discarded material to valuable use, cutting down on litter and conserving natural resources. In some localities, recycled materials are sold, benefiting the recycling program A Recycling Component Adding a recycling components to an existing municipal solid waste system is a challenging process. To begin, state or community should consider the following approaches : V Analyze the contents and source of your waste s Learn about existing waste disposal and collection systems, including their costs and capabilities S Determine to what degree recycling is already being conducted in your state or community s Identify public attitudes about recycling s Study which recycling options might best meet your special needs s Explore existing markets for recovered materials and the possibility of finding new ones Recycling of post consumer materials found in MSW involves : s The recovery of materials from the waste stream s Intermediate processing such as sorting and compaction s Transportation and s Final processing, to provide a raw material for manufacturers or an end product. XVIIIThe primary benefits of recycling are conservation of natural resources and landfill space; however, the collection and transport of materials requires substantial amounts of energy and labor and historically, most recycling programs are subsized economically. The requirements for a successful program are that a strong demand exist for recovered materials and that the market value of the materials be sufficient to pay for collection and transportation costs. In this study, applications of recovery of solid wastes which is a useful method of solid waste reduction, are considered in many ways. As a part of Integrated Solid Waste Management, recovery was examined by taking into consideration criterias such as technical, technological, economical etc. in every manner. Current recovery applications in some countries having high level of knowledge and expertise of recovery like USA and EC countries their problems and solutions were given in detail. Additionally, recovery applications and regulations were examined and a sufficient basis for recovery programs were prepared. According to the information gained during the study, a“Recovery at the Source Prelimanary Project”was prepared and a practical and applicable model was presented. XIX

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