Mağaza aydınlatmasında dört köşe yaklaşımı metodu ve Türkiye'deki uygulamaları
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75621
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. SERMİN ONAYGİL
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Elektrik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 180
Özet
Modern anlamda aydınlatmacılık, aydınlatılacak olan her yerin özel bir problem olarak ele alınmasını gerektirir. Bu çalışmada, mağaza aydınlatmasında dört köşe yaklaşımı metodu ve bu me todun Türkiye' deki uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Bu metodun amacı; mağaza aydınlatmasıyla ilgili müşterilerin ihtiyaçlarına ve alışveriş biçimine bağlı olarak, bu ihtiyaçları matris yoluyla aydınlatma çözümüne yani aydınlatma projesine dönüştürmektir. Bu planın gerçekleştirilmesi doğrultusundaki ilk basamak, müşteriye sunulmak istenen mağaza profilini oluşturmaktır. Mağazada yapılan anket çalışması, ölçüm ve gözlemler sonucunda oluşturulan bu profil, yüksek bilgi ve deneyimlerin kullanılma sıyla elde edilen aydınlatma kriterleri ( genel aydınlatma ve vurgu aydınlatması ) ve lamba / armatür bileşimlerinin seçimi ile ilgili tüm aydınlatma diyagramlarında uygula narak, aydınlatma projesi oluşturulabilir. Bu araştırmada, İzmir ve İstanbul' da toplam 40 adet mağaza üzerinde yapılan anket çalışması, ölçüm ve gözlemler sonucunda, bu metodun Türkiye' deki uygulama alanları ve uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Recent years have seen artificial lighting flourish as an element of shop and store architecture and design. Nowadays, shop interiors as well as selling techniques have changed markedly. Both have become far more customer oriented in an effort to stay ahead of the competition. Lighting plays a vital role in the matching process between customer and shop. Properly employed, it will help give a shop its own, unique identity or character, so that the customer can recognise it as the one for him. Needless to say, the lighting will also need to facilitate orientation within the shop, and there will generally be emphasis or accent lighting on special displays and points of interest to attract customers to se lected parts of the floor. To be successful, however, this functional lighting has to be implemented in such a way as to constantly underline and reinforce the shop' s indivi dual character. The fundamental requirements placed on the lighting of shops and stores, and retail establishments in general, can be summarised as follows. - Attracting attention, - Creating interest, - Creating and atmosphere, - Visual guidance, - Integration, - Flexibility. > c a> a. x W x/i CO J3 o o > C CD Cu X 0) c > 'w“3 o X W SP £ a- o C/3 -CU & E in, Wide Article range Small Impersonal Sales style Personal Fig. i. 1 Shopping behaviour and client needs. Salesmen and lighting designers must be fully aware of the differentiation that exists in the field of shop lighting if they are to operate with any degree of success in xvthis sector of the lighting market. The relation between the sort of shop in question and the style, modelling and atmosphere and thus also the lighting, most likely to gi ven target group of shoppers, is quite tightly defined. This relation can be made clear by means of a schematic diagram ( see fig.i.l) a sort of matrix with axes marked in terms of price class in relation to shop image, and sales style in relation to article range. Based on the behaviour and needs of the shop per, one can define places in the diagram for different sorts of shops ( see fig.i.2 ). The location in the matrix then gives an indication of the most appropriate ambience and styling for each kind of shop. r * : 6.”-.-."..t 4 Fig. i.2 Locating the shops in the matrix a) Discount shops ( 1 ), Exclusive, specialised shops ( 7 ), b) Supermarkets ( 2 ), Small retailers ( 8 ), c) Ironmongers ( 3 ), Fashion shops ( 5 ), d) White and brown goods shops ( 4 ), Audio / Video shops ( 6 ), e) Interior decoration shops ( 9 ). From Shop Profile to Lighting Plan The first step toward the development of a lighting plan is to establish the shop profile it is wished to present to the customer. This profile will be determined in the main by a combination of four parameters, namely: price class, shop image, article XVIrange and sales style ( table i. 1 ). The parameters for each shop can be plotted on a matrix diagram, the four corner points of which are well defined ( see fig. i. 1 ). Table i. 1 Shop profile As already indicated in fig. i.2, each type of shop can be positioned in a matrix diagram and assuming that each type of shop calls for a specific style of lighting, it is now possible to say what the relevant lighting criteria will be. The place occupied on the matrix diagram by a particular type of shop is valid for all these lighting diagrams. In other words, the matrix diagram can, as it were, be laid over each of these diag rams in turn. In this way an overall lighting plan can be drawn up. The four comer approach is in fact a step-by-step design procedure based on the use of ready-made diagrams or 'templates'. There are seventeen diagrams in total. Six of these ( figs, i.3 ) relate to lighting criteria ( divided between general lighting and accent lighting ), and eleven ( figs, i.5 and 6 ) are to do with the choice of the lighting hardware ( lamps and luminaires ). This metod is the so called four corner approach to shop lighting design. The procedure is very briefly as follows. Having indicated the position occu pied by the shop in question in the diagram of fig. i. 1, this diagram is placed, as it we re, over each of the seventeen diagrams in turn and the relevant data read off. Shop lighting involves a consideration of two basic lighting elements: general lighting and accent lighting. Once the various requirement relating to each of these elements has been exactly specified, the lamp and luminaire types most suited to the realisation of the lighting plan can be chosen. xvn.JOO / 250 his 250/ 500 tax \,''500 A \ 1000 tax Fig. i.3 The six lighting design diagrams a) Lighting level, b) Colour appearance ( 1 neutral white 2 warm white 3 extra-warm white ), c) Colour rendering ( 1 good 2 excellent), d) Decorative elements, e) Density of accents ( small dots indicated many small accents, and larger dots stand for fewer strong accents), f) Contrast value. General Lighting The general lighting diagrams give an indication of how this lighting is build up, taking into account such criteria as lighting level, colour appearance, colour ren dering and the amount of decorative lighting. Lighting level: Care in the choice of lighting level is rewarded in that it benefits both the shop-personnel and the customer. The lighting levels recommended in table i.2 are based on internationally gained experience with lighting projects. Where accent lighting is also present, however, significantly lower values should be employed. This is because accent lighting produces stray and reflected light, which contributes to the general lighting. Moreover, strong general lighting limits the degree to which accents can be created. Colour appearance determines ambience: The impression created by a space is very much dependent upon the colour of the light employed there. This is especially true in the case of shop interiors.Table i. 2 Recommended level, general lighting Take, for example, the case of articles that need to be displayed in a warm, luxurious and friendly atmosphere. This would call for a low lighting level with an extra-warm light colour. Articles displayed in an active, businesslike environment, on the other hand, but also dairy produce, fish and vegetables are seen at their best in a setting that gives a natural white colour impression at a relatively high lighting level. And then there is the shop that wishes to create a value-for-money image. Here a high lighting level is called for, combined with a relatively cool light colour. Generally speaking, it is true to say that the colour of the light should become cooler as the lighting level is increased. This is valid for lighting levels above 1000 lux. Colour rendering: For most shops, lamps will be recommended with 'good' or 'ex cellent' colour rendering properties. However, it is not necessarily true that the co lour rendering of a lamp with an R* value of 100 is ideal for all circumstances. Indeed, a lamp with a lower R* value may even be more suitable in the sense that skin colour and other object colours ( meats, salads, etc. ) are shown more attractively than in, say, daylight. This is especially true of the compact series of fluorescent lamps, which do indeed render most colours more vividly than do daylight or Planckian radiators, and thus have a more flattering effect. Decorative elements: The decorative lighting elements present in a shop interior play an important role in determining its ambience. This involves not only free-standing luminaires, wall luminaires and chandeliers, but also architectural elements such as light coves and lighted cornices and plinths. These elements can also be employed to influence the pattern of circulation in the shop and so draw attention to chosen groups of products. Needless to say, all these elements contribute to the general lighting. This means that interaction between the general lighting and the decorative lighting must be carefully considered. Accent Lighting By locally increasing or decreasing the strength of the lighting it is possible to create a varied brightness and shadow pattern, with contrasts that suggest dynamism. The harsher the shadows, the more dramatic and aggressive the effect obtained. The aim is to give maximum expression to form, structure, texture and colour XIXin contract with the surroundings. Accent lighting also creates gloss and glitter. In short, it produces the refinement that goes to make a presentation attractive. The accent lighting diagrams indicate the density and the contrast value of the accents. Density of the accents: The purpose of accent lighting, unlike general lighting, is to strengthen the relation between customer and product, as defined by the corner areas C and D in fig. LI, which correspond to 'refined presentation ' ( visual merchandi sing ), and ' exclusive presentation and ambience ', respectively. The more simple and compact the presentation, as with corners A and B, the less the need for accents in the lighting. Contrast value or ' Accent factor ': When planning accent lighting, it is important to determine the required contrast value or accent factor. The accent factors gives the luminance ratio of the object being lighted to its immediate surroundings: Accent factor = Espot/ Ehorizontal (LI) An object lighted with an accent factor of 2 will be just noticeably accented, it being twice as bright as its background ( table L3 ). Table i.3 Guide to accent factors To obtain satisfactory effects in situations where the level of general lighting is high, powerful accent lighting should be used. Beam characteristics: Accent lighting requires a controlled beam of light, the ultima te effect being largely determined by the characteristics of the beam. The important factors are the intensity, the shape and dimensions of the light spot, and the amount of spill light ( see fig. L4 ). Lamp Selection The areas of application for the various lamp types are indicated in two sets of diagrams, one set for general lighting ( fig. L5 ) and one for accent lighting ( fig L6 ). xxFig. i.4 The K-beam classification Ki- Profile spot without any spill light K2- Spot with sharp cut-off and minimal spill light K3- Spill light seen as narrow ring of light around spot K4- Great deal of spill light K5- Uniformly wide beam without any visible spot Having determined the shop profile, the lamp types most suited for the realisation of the lighting plan can be read off from the diagrams. Needless to say, the ambience of the product presentation plays a role in the choice of luminaire type employed. Thus, in the inexpensive, impersonal corner there will be a desire for luminaires such as bare fluorescent battens that emphasise the va lue-for-money image. By contrast, The trend-setting shop will call for luminaires that support the often stylish presentation. Flexibility in the lighting can be achieved by having switching arrangements for the general lighting and by using adjustable and / or modular spotlights mounted on power tracks so that they can be easily moved around. Anticipating future trends is one of the keynotes to flexible shop lighting.Fig. i. 5 The six lamp selection diagrams-general lighting a- Fluorescent lamps, b- Compact fluorescent lamps, c- Mains voltage ( 220 / 230 V ) tungsten halogen lamps, d- Low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps, e- Metal halide lamps, f- High pressure sodium ( SDW-T ) lamps. Fig. i.6 The five lamp selection diagrams-accent lighting. a- Incandescent lamps, b- Mains voltage tungsten halogen lamps, c- Low voltage tungsten halogen lamps, d- Metal halide lamps, e- High pressure sodium ( SDW-T ) lamps. xxnApplying Four Corner Approaching Method to The Illumination The Stores In Turkey In modern meaning of illumination, the places where we will be illuminated is a special problem. In this work, the illumination of the stores is examined in detail with the four corner approaching method and this method's applying in Turkey is examined, too. This method's aim is to illuminate the customers needs in matrix way in other words to transfer to the illumination project in the direction of the customers' needs and way of their shopping about illumination of the stores. The first step of realizing this plan is to make the profile of store which is wanted to be shown to the customers. As a result of the pools, measurements and observations in the store, the profile of the store which is formed by illumination criterion ( General Lighting, accent lighting ) which is got by using the high know ledge and experimentation, and the selection of lamp and armature combination which is related to the all illumination diagram. In this research, as a result of the inquiries that have been done by 40 stores in Izmir and Istanbul, and measurements, polls, this method's applying area in Turkey is examined in detail.
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