Balat'ta Musevi yerleşmesinin fiziksel ve sosyo-kültürel değişim bağlamında incelenmesi
Social-cultural and physical research of jewish settlements in Balat
- Tez No: 83078
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. ALPER ÜNLÜ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 162
Özet
BALAT' TA MUSEVİ YERLEŞMESİNİN FİZİKSEL VE SOSYO - KÜLTÜREL DEĞİŞİM BAĞLAMINDA İNCELENMESİ ÖZET İstanbul'un Balat semtinde bulunan Musevi mahallelerinin fiziksel yapısını, sosyal ve kültürel yapı ile ele alıp inceleyen bu çalışma, öncelikle Musevilerin etnik kimliklerini ve yaşam tarzlarını, içinde yaşadıkları mimari çevreye nasıl yansıttıkların üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Musevi yerleşimleri öncelikle mahalle ölçeğinde ele alınmış ve daha sonra mahallenin önemli bir bileşeni olan konut birimlerinde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Tezin giriş bölümü, çalışmanın amacını ve sınırlarını belirtip, seçilen metodu da anlatmaktadır. Tez, Musevi mahallelerinin ve konutlarının, kültürel, sosyal, dinsel, dinsel, ırksal veya etnik köken bağlamında içerdiği sembolik değerleri ve bunların aktarımlarını ele almaktadır. Araştırma ve analizler; Balat Musevi mahallelerinin sosyal yaşantılarını, komşuluklarını, özel günlerini, diğer etnik gruplar ile ilişkilerini, yani bu parametreler etkileşimiyle, mimari çevrelerini nasıl kullandıklarını kapsamaktadır. 19. yüzyıl öncesi Balat ve bugünkü Balat' in mahalle yaşantısı ve fiziksel dokusu arasındaki farklar araştırılıp, değişim süreci içinde yitirilen fiziksel kavramlar ve kültürel değerler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Tezin sonuç bölümünde ise, Musevi yerleşimlerinde yaşanan değişimlerin nedenleri ve bunların getirdiği sonuçlar belirlenip, mimari tasarım açısından değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Değişen koşullar ve modernleşmenin etkisi ile kaybolan Musevi mahallelerinin bugün var olan durumu yansıtılmaya çalışılmış ve etnik kimliklerinin mimari çevre bünyesinde dominantlığını yitirmesi farklı nedenlere bağlı olarak anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Tez kapsamı içinde etnik grubu temsil eden Musevi kültürünün mimari çevre içinde oluşmaları, kimlikleşmeleri ve zaman içinde kaybolmalarının süreçleri araştırılarak; tasarımcılar açısından belli bir gruba ait yerleşimlerde tasarım ilkeleri belirlenirken oluşturulacak çevrenin kullanıcılarının önemli bir unsur olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Tasarımcıların, tez kapsamı içinde belirtilen kültürel öz elemanlar doğrultusunda ve hedef kullanıcı kitlesinin grup kimlikleri dikkate alınarak tasarım kriterlerini oluşturmaları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
SOCIAL -CULTURAL AND PHYSICAL RESEARCH OF JEWISH SETTLEMENTS IN BALAT SUMMARY The objective of the architectural design is to present desirable and suitable environments for their users. Therefore the designers should have to take into considerations the cultural, ethnic and social characteristics of the target group. The thesis attempts to clarify the effects of the reflections of the ethnic group identity concerning their specific life-style, religious, racial, linguistic characteristics, set of choices and value systems which are the shapers of the built environment. It is a fact that, the built environments are culture specific and congruent with specific life-style so that the user group can express themselves in their own way. The thesis suggests to identify an intelligible minority culture with its unique quarter. The research involves with the Jewish community which has a distinguishable character and a well-defined ethnic society. Balat is the neighbourhood to be analysed in the thesis, where the early clustering of Jews generated in 7th. century. The Turkish Jews inhabited in the city structure from the early Byzantine time are the suggested ethnic minority group to be analysed. The first chapter exists as introduction in which the objective and method of the study are presented including the ethnic mosaic of Istanbul. It covers a distinctive spatial pattern of the minority group in the general layout of the city. The principle findings of the research were that the Jewish settlements reserved the meaning of 'gettho', because of the Jewish settlements were found to be highly integrated with the other minorities and host community. Another aspect of the research is to remedy this concept with spatial reference to Jewish settlements, for which general characteristic of the region in the first part. The second chapter deals with the interactive role of the ethnicity and group identity with in the built environment. The section conducted two levels; the first one is expressing the items of 'neighbourhood' and 'ethnic group' with the study area and research limits. Since the neighbourhood identifies an area with a special atmosphere, it is still an important factor in urban design as it was in the past. The second part mainly focuses on the urban neighbourhood structure of Istanbul. It also gives a general information about the other minorities and host group with their location in the layout of the city. The built environment at every scale is a cultural formation; it reflects the social organisation which created itself. The long term historical and physical structure of the city is described.The following chapter is a general view to Jewish settlements and sects identifying their most clustered neighbourhood in the city. The following questions are aimed to find answers; how they generate their settlements and religious buildings, how is the distribution of each sect in the ethnic clustering, how the population movements were created. Actually, this chapter implies the general layout of Jewish groups in the city. The forth section is mostly concentrated on the spatial pattern of Jewish neighbourhood in terms of physical, social and historical attributes. The region has been reviewed concerning the developing process of the clusters from early Byzantine time up to now. Firstly the location and the meaning of 'Balaf are presented and then the divisions of the quarters; Aryento, Afuera, Istipol, Tahta Minare and Kastorya are described with a general net work of space within the community. The limits of the study and the study area are defined in this chapter. This chapter obviously presents that Balat is a distinct cluster but contradicted the concept of ghetto, despite of the fact, it indicates that the Jews sometimes reached up to % 100 of the population of the neighbourhood. Highly integration of the Jews with the other local ethics and host society has been also regarded within the thesis. The next two chapters can be assumed as the fundamental parts of the work as they examine the distinguishable characteristics of the sub-area and the differential distribution of Jewish clusters. The ethnic density and spatial integration of the community is tended to identify by the cultural core elements which are the parameters defined by Rapoport in order to describe a culture. The parameters of cultural core elements within the thesis limits can be classified as follows; Religion / language /ethnicity Food and cleaning habits Family structure Working /co-operating / trading Ways of establishing indicating social identity Land division and tenure system Ritual and symbolic system Home range behaviours and net works Privacy, density and territoriality The thesis suggests to concentrate on the research concerning these aspects, because the cultural core elements define a user group profile, a particular life style and set of activities. The cultural core elements basically reflect the physical and social organisation of a user group. Parallel to this concept within the thesis, the fifth chapter reviews the group identity which is the social-cultural life of Jews. The sixth one mainly involves with physical attributes of Balat concerning Rapoport's parameters. XIThe chapter 'The Characteristics of Social-Cultural Life' indicates a research of Jewish life-style with their cultural, ritual and racial characteristics settled both in dwelling and neighbourhood clustering. The Jewish social organisations, relations and their relation to the organisation of the environments, social group identity, space and time use and territorial behaviours have been traced in order to identify the reflections of those principals within the built environment. The sixth chapter presents the environmental meaning of the Jewish settlements. In all cases, the chapter deals with system of settings in which the group identity can be characterised. The components of the built environment from neighbourhood to dwelling has been traced by clarifying the settlement limits and patterns in which they generated a specific cluster. The density and privacy system created, land division, home range behaviour system of non-verbal communication that present their ethical and social identity carried on the physical environment, have been analysed. The objective of this chapter is to emphasise physical cues in the environment such as; meaning, legibility and non-verbal communications which imply that the settlement belongs to Jewish people. The aspects of next chapter is t discover the changing values of the settlements referring to time, economy, social and group identity. Actually the chapter attempts to give a brief description of the Jewish settlement in Balat between the period of 14. century and 20th. It tries to trace the differences between these two periods ; how the social organisation has changed, how they created new settlements, how the ethnic distribution in the quarter and their use of space has changed. The last chapter deals with the conclusion part of the research. It gives a brief information about the other chapters and tries to clarify the results. The results are given under the light of other chapters. The changes in the characteristic of ethnic group, social organisation, use of space and time, population movements and how they influenced on the structure of the neighbourhood. The chapter has concluded with the suggestions to designers and planners about the settlements both in macro and micro scales and more generally the use of space concerning the user parameters in order to create more dynamic and legible environment.
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