6 Şubat depreminin Türkiye'nin Hatay ili yeraltı su seviyelerine etkisi
The effect of the February 6 earthquake on the groundwater levels at Hatay province of Türkiye
- Tez No: 920210
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. İSMAİL DABANLI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mühendislik Bilimleri, Engineering Sciences
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kıyı Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Kıyı Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 127
Özet
Ülkemizde yaşayan herkesin bildiği ancak o an gelene kadar görmezden geldiği deprem gerçeği 6 Şubat günü kendini bir kez daha unutulmayacak şekilde hatırlatmıştır. Art arda yaşanan iki büyük deprem; dünya genelinde ender görülen ikili bir deprem olayı olup, Türkiye'nin 11 ilinde çok şiddetli hissedilmiş; on binlerce can kaybına, yüz binlerce kişinin yaralanmasına ve binlerce binanın yıkılmasına ya da kullanılamayacak kadar hasar görmesine neden olmuştur. Bu denli etkili ikili depremin yaşandığı durumda, bölgenin hidrojeolojik özelliklerinde birtakım değişikliklere yol açması kaçınılmazdır. Okyanuslara kıyımızın olmaması ve 6 Şubat depreminin karasal bir deprem olması nedeniyle, deniz sularının seviyesinde belirgin bir değişiklik beklenmemektedir. Ancak, yer altı su kaynakları için bunu söylemek mümkün değildir. Nitekim, deprem bölgesinde gözle görülür birçok değişiklik de meydana gelmiştir. Bunlardan bazıları; sıvılaşma etkisi altında kum kaymaları, kum fışkırmaları, yeni kaynak oluşumları ve yapıların sıvılaşma etkisi altında konsolidasyonu ile yıkılması olarak etkisini ortaya koymuştur. Bazı bölgelerde ise; kaynak sularının rengi değişmiş, bazılarının debileri artmış, bazılarınınki ise azalmıştır. Bazı yerlerde su kuyularının su seviyelerinin düştüğü, bazılarının ise arttığı, bir kısmında ise kuyuların ve su kaynaklarının kuruduğu gözlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, yer altı su seviyesinde düşme, ya da tam tersi su seviyelerinde yükselme yaşandığı, görülmüştür. Sık rastlanmayan ikili deprem durumunda, Hatay İli içerisinde bulunan, deprem anında veri okuması yapabilen ve tarafımızdan verilerine ulaşılabilen 4 adet su kuyusu üzerinden yapılan değerlendirme neticesinde deprem ve yeraltı suları arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Saptama yapılan su kuyularındaki su seviyelerinin deprem anındaki davranışları irdelenmiş ve aralarında herhangi bir korelasyon olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Yapılan hesaplamalar ve değerlendirmeler neticesinde, jeolojik yapının ve akifer kaynaklarına yakınlığın su kuyularında meydana gelen dalgalanmalardaki en büyük etken olduğu, ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca kuyu suyu seviyelerindeki değişimlerin deprem anından dakikalar öncesinde tespit edilebileceğine dair önemli sayısal veriler elde edilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Earthquakes are a reality that everyone knows about worldwide, but they are often ignored until the moment they strike. On February 6, this reality reminded us of itself in an unforgettable way. Two major earthquakes occurred in succession, a rare double earthquake event worldwide, and were felt very strongly in 11 provinces of Turkey. This resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of lives, hundreds of thousands of injuries, and the destruction or severe damage of thousands of buildings. In an event involving such an impactful double earthquake, it is inevitable that there will be changes in the hydrogeological characteristics of the region. Since we do not have an ocean coastline, and due to the fact that the February 6 earthquake was a terrestrial one, no significant change in sea water levels is expected in this study. However, this cannot be said for underground water resources. In fact, many visible changes have occurred in the earthquake-affected area. Some of these include the manifestation of effects such as sand slides, sand jets, new resource formations, and the consolidation and collapse of structures under the influence of liquefaction. In some regions, the color of the spring waters has changed, the flow rates of some have increased, and others have decreased. It has been observed that in some places, the water levels of wells have decreased, in others, they have increased, and in some places, wells and water sources have dried up. Accordingly, it has been observed that there is either a decrease in groundwater levels or an increase in water levels. In the case of an uncommon double earthquake, the relationship between the earthquake and groundwater was investigated by evaluating four water wells located in Hatay Province. These wells were capable of recording data at the time of the earthquake, and their data was accessible to us. The behavior of the water levels in the observed wells during the earthquake was examined, and any correlations between them were investigated. Groundwater level measurements are affected by various factors, primarily atmospheric changes, including precipitation, irrigation, extraction, and tectonic movements such as earthquakes. Therefore, changes in groundwater levels should be examined through very technical and detailed studies. It is a well-known fact that earthquakes and subsequent aftershocks cause deformations both underground and on the surface. In our study, it was observed that level changes due to earthquakes occur in the form of rises, falls, and upward/downward oscillations. The study to determine whether there is a relationship between the distance and acceleration values of the earthquake and the fluctuations occurring in the water wells is evaluated. However, no correlation was observed between the quantitative magnitude of the fluctuations in the water levels of the wells and their distance from the earthquake epicenter, nor with the earthquake acceleration. The study revealed that the wells responded to the earthquake at different levels. The changes in well levels were most significant in the Serinyol well, with a fluctuation of up to 463 cm. In the Tigem well, a change of 58 cm was observed. Despite the similarity in geological structures, proximity to the fault line, and the total energy intensity formed in the ground after the earthquake, water levels varied. The Erzin well, due to its geological structure, showed the least change in water level (18 cm). The change in Mazmanlı was measured at 22 cm. The most important aspect of the study, which also opens the door for future research, is the detection of significant early changes in water levels. In today's scientific world, where earthquake early warning systems are continuously researched and debated, it has been concluded that monitoring well water can also be an important indicator. Changes in groundwater, influenced by stress and pressure changes in the ground, have come to light after seasonal components were filtered out. Accordingly, the abnormal changes detected 92.4 minutes in advance in the Serinyol well are promising for earthquake early warning. Similarly, the detections of 11.4 minutes in the Tigem well and 4.2 minutes in the Mazmanlı well highlight the necessity of establishing an infrastructure to continuously monitor groundwater changes across the country. Earthquakes not only cause changes in groundwater levels, quality, and temperature but also, depending on their intensity, alter the characteristics of the groundwater table and geological formations based on certain factors. In many countries, studies are being conducted to determine the changes in groundwater levels and chemical properties before, during, and after earthquakes. In our country, which is prone to earthquakes, it is considered beneficial to conduct more detailed studies to determine the effects of earthquakes on groundwater levels, quality, chemical and physical changes, electrical conductivity, and temperature. These studies have begun to some extent; for many years, our Regional Directorates have been instructed and provided with technical support by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and the Groundwater Department to monitor groundwater levels online and to conduct electrical conductivity measurements. In this context, 38 devices capable of online level, temperature, and electrical conductivity measurements have been installed within the boundaries of DSI 6th Regional Directorate, which has been declared a disaster area. Although measurements are ongoing, there is no accumulated historical data available for analysis, and these data have not yet been shared with researchers. As a result of the calculations and evaluations, it was revealed that the geological structure and proximity to aquifer resources are the biggest factors influencing the fluctuations occurring in the water wells. The most inspiring outcome of the study is the early warning potential of well water levels.
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