Havalimanı zemin inceleme ve zemin iyileştirmesi
Airport ground inspection and ground improvement
- Tez No: 947705
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. AŞKIN ÖZOCAK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Sakarya Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Geoteknik Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 93
Özet
Havalimanı bünyesinde inşa edilen pist, apron ve taksiyollarında (PAT) kullanılan dolgu malzemeleri ile sandık kesitinde kullanılacak malzemelerin özellikleri ve kalınlıkları, yerel zemin özelliklerinin de etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak tasarlanmaktadır. Bilindiği gibi bu yapılar hem normal yükler altında, hem de afetlerde maruz kaldığı yükler sonrası hizmet edecek şekilde tasarlanmalıdır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde inşa edilmiş, inşa sürecinde olan ve inşası planlanan üç farklı havalimanı dolguları ile sandık kesitlerinde kullanılacak malzemelerin mevcut zemin koşulları ve tasarlanan dolgu özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak hem taşıma gücü hem de oturma (sıkışma ve konsolidasyon) açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Türkiye'de hava taşımacılığına olan talep ve buna bağlı olarak havacılık sektörüne yapılan yatırımlar, küresel eğilime paralel olarak hızla artmaktadır. Havalimanı inşası karmaşık bir süreçtir ve pek çok faktörün dikkatle değerlendirilmesini gerektirir. Bu faktörler arasında yolcu kapasitesi gereksinimleri, hakim rüzgar yönleri ve önerilen arazinin çevresindeki engel durumu yer almakta olup, tümü havalimanı operasyonlarının güvenliği ve verimliliğini etkiler. Lokasyon seçimi, erişilebilirlik, çevresel etkiler ve maliyetler üzerinde doğrudan etkili olduğu için kritik bir unsurdur. Bu tez, Türkiye'deki önemli bazı havalimanlarının proje tasarımı ve zemin iyileştirme çalışmalarına odaklanmaktadır: Denizin doldurulmasıyla inşa edilen Rize-Artvin Havalimanı; benzer deniz dolgusu tekniğiyle inşa edilmesi planlanan Trabzon Yeni Havalimanı; ve 6 Şubat 2023'te meydana gelen yıkıcı Kahramanmaraş depremlerinde ciddi şekilde hasar gören Hatay Havalimanı. Çalışmada bu havalimanlarındaki zemin yapılarının tasarımı, uygulanan zemin iyileştirme yöntemleri ve bu iyileştirmeler sonrası PAT alanları (pist, apron, taksi yolları) için tip kesitlerin belirlenmesi analiz edilmektedir. Zemin iyileştirme önlemleri tamamlandıktan sonra, kaplama tasarımı ileri yazılım araçlarıyla gerçekleştirilir. Bu tez kapsamında kaplama tasarımı, 21 Aralık 2023 tarihinde güncellenen Faarfield yazılımının 2.1.1 sürümü ile yapılmaktadır. Yazılım, havalimanını kullanması beklenen uçak tipleri, iniş-kalkış sıklıkları ve havalimanının öngörülen ekonomik ömrü gibi temel girdi parametrelerini gerektirir. Bu çalışmada ekonomik ömür 20 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Çünkü daha uzun ekonomik ömürlere göre tasarlanan kaplamalar, çok kalın ve maliyetli katmanlar gerektirebilir; bu da maliyet-fayda açısından makul olmayabilir.
Özet (Çeviri)
In Turkey, the demand for air transportation and the corresponding investments in the aviation sector have been growing rapidly, mirroring the global trend. As economic development continues and both domestic and international travel increase, air transport has become a critical component of the country's infrastructure. In recent years, this heightened demand has led to the construction of numerous new airports across the country. In addition to these newly built airports, several projects aimed at increasing the capacity of existing airports are ongoing, and plans for entirely new airports are actively progressing. The process of airport construction is complex and requires careful consideration of many factors. These include passenger capacity requirements, prevailing wind directions, and the status of obstacles around the proposed site, all of which influence the safety and efficiency of airport operations. Location selection is a critical aspect, as it impacts accessibility, environmental concerns, and costs. Cost analyses are essential to ensure that projects are financially viable, and proximity to urban centers is another key criterion, as airports need to be easily accessible to passengers. These factors combined necessitate meticulous planning and detailed feasibility studies before proceeding with construction. This thesis focuses on the project design and ground improvement studies of several important airports in Turkey: Rize-Artvin Airport, which was constructed by reclaiming land from the sea; Trabzon New Airport, which is planned to be built using similar sea-filling techniques; and Hatay Airport, which suffered significant damage during the devastating Kahramanmaraş earthquakes on February 6, 2023. The study addresses the design of ground structures at these airports, evaluates the ground improvement methods employed, and analyzes the determination of type cross-sections for airport PAT areas (runways, aprons, taxiways) following these improvements. At airports, large surface areas are allocated for essential facilities, including PAT areas that accommodate aircraft landing, taxiing, and parking. Additionally, infrastructure such as air traffic control towers, hangars, terminal buildings, power centers, heating plants, multi-purpose garages, apron barriers, and entrance control buildings must be carefully planned and constructed to meet operational needs. One of the major challenges in airport construction is the availability of suitable land surfaces. Due to geographical and environmental constraints, it is often not possible to find naturally flat, stable areas of sufficient size near city centers or strategic locations. To overcome this, excavation and land reclamation through filling activities are frequently undertaken to create the necessary surfaces for airport infrastructure. However, the natural or backfill ground conditions may not always be adequate to support the structural loads imposed by airport facilities and aircraft operations. In such cases, ground improvement is essential. Soil layers may need to be strengthened or stabilized to serve as a reliable foundation. Common ground improvement techniques include compaction, preloading (also known as surcharge loading), injection grouting, and the installation of stone columns. These methods help to accelerate settlement and improve soil strength, reducing the risk of uneven subsidence that could damage pavement and structures. In airports studied in this thesis, ground surfaces have been made suitable for construction primarily by sea filling followed by compaction of the fill material to create a stable platform. This approach is crucial to ensure the durability and safety of airport operations on reclaimed land. Hatay Airport, in particular, is located in the basin of Amik Lake, an area characterized by soft soils vulnerable to deformation under seismic loads. After the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, significant deformations were observed at Hatay Airport, highlighting the critical need for ground improvement before reconstructing or reinforcing essential structures like box sections for use. The earthquake-induced ground settlements at Hatay, ranging from 1 to 1.5 meters, underscore the importance of engineering solutions that can mitigate seismic effects and enhance resilience. For Rize-Artvin Airport and the planned Trabzon New Airport, settlement control is a major concern. Since these airports are built or will be built on sea fill, their long-term structural health depends heavily on how well ground settlements are predicted and managed during and after construction. Proper ground improvement not only ensures safety but also extends the operational life of airport infrastructure. In Hatay, post-earthquake ground improvement is vital to resume full-capacity operations and prevent prolonged service interruptions. After ground improvement measures are completed, pavement design is conducted using advanced software tools. Specifically, the Faarfield software version 2.1.1, updated on December 21, 2023, is utilized for this purpose. This software requires several key input parameters, including the types of aircraft expected to use the airport, their frequency of landings and takeoffs, and the projected economic life of the airport. For the scope of this thesis, the economic life is set at 20 years. This time frame is chosen because designing pavements for longer economic lives can lead to overly thick and costly pavement layers, which may not be justifiable from a cost-benefit perspective. In Turkey, the 20-year reference period is generally accepted for airport pavement design to balance durability and economy. The software allows for design calculations considering either flexible or rigid pavement options. Key soil parameters such as the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for rigid pavements and the modulus of subgrade reaction (k) for flexible pavements are determined through ground investigations and fed into the program. The selection between flexible and rigid pavement depends on several factors including traffic load, ground conditions, and maintenance considerations. Planning for airports involves passenger forecasts spanning 10, 20, and even 50 years into the future. As passenger numbers grow, airports must expand or upgrade their infrastructure to maintain safety, comfort, and compliance with international aviation standards. This often necessitates additional investments beyond initial construction to address evolving aviation needs, such as upgrading flight corridors, technical facilities, runways, aprons, taxiways, and electromechanical systems, all of which have their own economic lives and maintenance schedules. In the case of Hatay Airport, the ground settlement caused by the earthquake has necessitated a reevaluation of pavement design principles. The area of 554,557 m² within the total airport area of 2,838,130 m² requires careful selection of filling materials and ground improvement methods to ensure the new pavement layers will withstand the revised conditions. Proper engineering practices here have a substantial economic impact, as failure to address ground instability could lead to costly repairs or operational downtime. The results of calculations and analyses carried out in this thesis demonstrate that with appropriate ground assessments and improvement strategies, airports can achieve enhanced strength and longevity in their infrastructure while maintaining economic efficiency. Ground improvement techniques such as preloading play a vital role in accelerating consolidation and settlement processes, ensuring the constructed surfaces meet operational requirements in a timely manner. For example, at Rize-Artvin Airport, preloading was applied to silty sand layers to rapidly complete settlements caused by high stress increases during filling. Approximately 35 cm of settlement occurred during filling and preloading phases, after which deformation was monitored following the construction of the box sections. No significant additional settlement was observed, indicating the effectiveness of the method. Encouraged by these successful results, it is recommended that similar preloading methods be applied at Trabzon New Airport for ground improvement of PAT areas. This would help mitigate settlement issues and provide a more stable foundation for airport infrastructure. On the other hand, Hatay Airport suffered severe damage during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, with significant deformations observed in the PAT fields. Field investigations revealed that the soil consists largely of high plasticity silty clay and clay layers. Based on these findings, the installation of impact crushed stone columns was deemed an appropriate ground reinforcement technique to enhance the load-bearing capacity and reduce settlement risks.
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