Bağışlama sözleşmesinde bağışlayanın hukuki sorumluluğu
The legal liability of the donor in a donation contract
- Tez No: 952158
- Danışmanlar: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ÖZGÜR GÜVENÇ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Hukuk, Law
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Özel Hukuk Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Medeni Hukuk Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 181
Özet
Bağışlama sözleşmesi, bağışlayanın karşılıksız olarak malvarlığının bir kısmını veya tamamını, kabul iradesine istinaden bağışlanana kazandırmayı üstlendiği tek tarafa borç yükleyen rızai nitelikte bir sözleşmedir. Bağışlama sözleşmesinin yalnızca bağışlayan tarafa borç yükleyen bir sözleşme olması nedeniyle bağışlayanın sözleşmeden kaynaklanan hukuki sorumluluğu, diğer sözleşme türlerindeki taraf sorumluluğuna nazaran daha hafif olarak değerlendirilir. 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu m. 294/I, bağışlayanın borca aykırılık halleri dolayısıyla sorumluluğunu düzenler. Bağışlayan, kusurlu ifa imkansızlığına veya gereği gibi ifa etmemeye, kastıyla veya ağır ihmali ile sebebiyet vermişse bundan doğan zararı karşılamak zorundadır. Bağışlayan, TBK m. 294/I gereğince yalnızca kastından ve ağır ihmalinden sorumlu olduğundan temerrüde düşmekte hafif kusurlu olsa dahi ortaya çıkan zarardan sorumlu olmaz ve bu halde gecikme tazminatı ödemez, ayrıca beklenmedik hal dolayısıyla bir zarar oluşsa veya bağışlananın aşkın zararı bulunsa dahi bunlardan sorumlu olmaz. TBK m. 294/II ise bağışlayanın ayıp ve zapt halindeki sorumluluğunu düzenler. Bağışlayan, kural olarak ayıptan ve zapttan sorumlu değildir. Ancak ayıptan ve zapttan sorumlu olduğunu ayrıca garanti etmişse, bağışlayanın bunlardan dolayı da ayrıca sorumluluğu doğar. Kanun'da bağışlayanın ayıptan ve zapttan sorumluluğuna ilişkin özel bir düzenleme bulunmadığından satış sözleşmesinde satıcının ayıptan ve zapttan sorumluluğuna ilişkin hükümler, kıyasen bağışlama sözleşmesinde bağışlayanın hukuki sorumluluğuna da uygulanır.
Özet (Çeviri)
A donation agreement is a consensual contract that imposes a unilateral obligation on the donor to transfer part or all of their property to the donee gratuitously. It is a contract that creates an obligation solely on the donor. For the contract to be validly concluded, there must be mutual and compatible declarations of intent between the donor and the donee. The essential elements of a donation agreement are: it being a transaction that transfers ownership, being made on account of donation, being gratuitous, establishing a contractual relationship, and constituting an inter vivos transaction. Since a donation agreement can only involve what belongs to the donor's estate, its subject matter is limited to movable and immovable property ownership and limited real rights included therein (such as usufructuary rights, pledge rights, and encumbrances on immovable property), intellectual and industrial property rights, money, receivables, and innovative rights with property value. Personal attributes that have no monetary value and cannot be transferred to others do not constitute the subject of donation. According to Articles 285 paragraphs 2 and 3 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, waiving a right not yet acquired, renouncing an inheritance, and performing a moral duty do not qualify as donations. There are also legal transactions which are not explicitly stated as donations in the law but are accepted as non-donation transactions. For example, one spouse's waiver of the right to demand contribution to marital expenses from the other spouse cannot be considered a donation. Likewise, incomplete debts paid not on account of donation but on account of performance cannot be qualified as donation. In a contract, the expectation is the performance of obligations by both parties. However, since the donation agreement imposes an obligation solely on the donor, the party obliged to perform under the contract is the donor. Because the donation agreement imposes obligation only on the donor, the donor's legal liability arising from the contract is considered lighter than the mutual liability found in contracts that create reciprocal obligations. The only provision in the law regarding the donor's legal liability is Article 294 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, entitled“Liability of the Donor,”which provides:“The donor shall not be liable to the donee for damage arising from the donation unless such damage is caused by the donor's gross negligence. If the donor has given a separate warranty regarding the donated thing or receivable, the donor shall be liable for it.”The first paragraph of this article regulates the nature of the donor's liability for non-performance arising from breach of obligation, and the second paragraph governs the donor's additional liability in cases where the donor has provided a warranty, that is, the liability regarding defects and eviction. Certain conditions must exist in the concrete case in order to discuss the donor's legal liability under the donation agreement. First and foremost, the donation agreement must be validly concluded. As in other contracts, the donation agreement is concluded through mutual and compatible declarations of intent by the parties, with offer and acceptance phases. For liability to arise, the donation agreement must be valid. The donor must have the legal capacity to donate, and the donee must have the capacity to accept the donation. Furthermore, the donation agreement must be made in compliance with the formal requirements. One of the types of donation agreements, the promise to donate, has a contractual nature and can only be registered by the land registry director or land registry officers. Such a promise cannot be notarized, and otherwise the contract will be absolutely void due to non-compliance with form requirements. Regarding donation of movables by delivery, there is no special provision in the law. Since only movables can be donated by delivery, mere delivery and transfer of possession are sufficient. It is also possible to conclude a conditional donation agreement. For the donor's legal liability to arise, such conditional donation agreements must also be validly concluded. If the condition, which may occur in the future, is realized and the donation agreement starts to have effect, this constitutes a suspensive condition; if the effect of the donation agreement ceases upon the occurrence of the future condition, it is a resolutory condition. If the resolutory condition becomes impossible to occur, the donation agreement is deemed unconditional and continues to produce valid effects; however, if the suspensive condition becomes impossible, the contract is void ab initio. A donation agreement subject to a suspensive condition only becomes effective once the condition is fulfilled. As a rule, the donation agreement remains in suspense until the condition occurs, and upon occurrence, the contract produces effects. The effects of a contract subject to a resolutory condition cease at the moment the condition is fulfilled, and unless otherwise agreed or the nature of the matter dictates, termination does not have retroactive effect. The third requirement for the donor's legal liability in a donation agreement is that the donor must have breached an obligation arising from the contract. The donor's principal obligation under the donation agreement is to transfer the donated subject and its ownership to the donee. In addition, the donor is under the obligation to refrain from any behavior that would prevent or render impossible the performance of the contract subject during their lifetime until the donation is fulfilled and to diligently protect the subject of the contract. If the donor breaches these obligations, legal liability arises. Other conditions required for the donor's legal liability to arise are that the donor be at fault and that damage occurs as a result of the breach. The last condition for the donor's legal liability to arise is that the donation has not been revoked. The right to revoke a donation constitutes a resolutory right. The right of revocation is exercised unilaterally by the donor for reasons specified in the law and becomes effective upon notification to the other party, causing the donation agreement to terminate with retroactive effect. Therefore, if the donor's legal liability has arisen under the contract, this liability ceases upon exercising the right of revocation. The donor's liability toward the donee for breach of obligation under the donation agreement can be examined under three headings: liability arising from the donor's faulty impossibility of performance, liability arising from defective performance, and liability arising from delay. If the donor has caused the faulty impossibility of performance or defective performance intentionally or through gross negligence, they are obliged to compensate for the damage caused. According to Article 294 paragraph 1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the donor is liable only for intent and gross negligence and does not bear liability for damages caused by delay due to slight negligence, nor is the donor required to pay delay damages in such cases; furthermore, the donor is not liable for damages arising from unforeseen circumstances or for excessive damages incurred by the donee. As a rule, the donor is not liable for defects or eviction. However, if the donor has additionally warranted against defects and eviction, liability arises accordingly. Since the law does not contain special provisions regarding the donor's liability for defects and eviction, the provisions on the seller's liability for defects and eviction under the sales contract apply mutatis mutandis to the donor's legal liability under the donation agreement. The donor is liable toward the donee for tortious acts caused by slight negligence, intent, or gross negligence. Because if the donor breaches the contract with slight fault, even though there is no contractual liability according to Article 294 paragraph 1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, tort liability may still arise under Articles 49 and following articles of the Turkish Code of Obligations.
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