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Jeotekstillerin çeşitleri, kullanımı en yaygın olan tiplerin üretim yöntemleri ve özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi

An Assess about the characteristics of different types of geotextile materials together with their most common used manufacturing processes

  1. Tez No: 14349
  2. Yazar: MAHİNUR AKTAŞ
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. BÜLENT ÖZİPEK
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Tekstil ve Tekstil Mühendisliği, Textile and Textile Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1991
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 76

Özet

ÖZET Son yıllarda dünya çapında çok büyük ilgi uyandıran endüstriyel tekstillerin bir dalı olan ve inşaat mühendisliğine hizmet eden jeotekstil malzemelerin kullanımı, çok kısa zamanda artış göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada, jeotekstil malzemelerinin fonk siyonları, çeşitleri, uygulamaları ve tüketim durumları izah edilmiş, farklı tip jeoteks- tillerin özellikleri bakımından birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmasına da yer verilmiştir. Bu arada en çok kullanılan tip olması nedeniyle non-woven tip jeotekstiller üzerinde de taylı olarak durulmuştur. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde endüstriyel tekstil malzemelerinin tüketiminde, son yıllardaki önemli artış ve bu artışın sebepleri izah edilmiştir. Ayrıca endüstriyel teks tiller (teknik tekstiller) başlığı altında bir sınıflandırma yapılarak geniş bir tablo oluşturmuştur. İkinci bölüm endüstriyel tekstil malzemelerinin önemli bir alt sınıfı olan jeo- tekstillerin tanıtılması mahiyetindedir. Fonksiyonları, sınıflandırılması, uygulamaları, avantaj/dezavantajları izah edilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde non-woven jeotekstillerin üretim yöntemleri, kalite kontrolle ri ve gerçek bir jeotekstil non-woven üretim hattının hem teknik hem maliyet özel likleri belirtilmiştir. Bunun yanısıra farklı tipteki jeotekstiller üzerinde yapılan testler dikkate alınarak özelliklerinin karşılaştırılmasına yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise, bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar kısaca özetlenmiş, önemli hususlar belirtilmiştir ve çalışma yöntemi ekte verilmiştir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY AN ASSESS ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS TOGETHER WITH THEIR MOST COMMON USED MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Textile products, in general, can be classified in three main groups such as garments, home textiles, and industrial textiles. Industrial textile sector, which is one of these groups, form by 10% of world's textile production a year, and this amount matches nearly 900.000 tons per year. So, it can be said that industrial textiles has aroused much interest in recnet years. 11 Subtitles can be available when industrial (Technical) textiles are generally classified. THese are composits, catching and protecting nets, materials for body protection, industrial clothes, filter clothes, packing materials, geotextiles, medical textiles, textiles for transportation, industrial heat isolation materials, and textiles for military purposes. When the comsumption amounts of these materials are considered, geotextiles take place in the first ranks from the top because of their rapid increment in their production amount. Geotextiles, they are a sort of industrial textiles, have been taken into consideration in this study, since there is a great consumption of these materials and consumers do not have much information of them. Chapter II has the nature that can provide information to anyone who has no knowledge about geotextiles. The term“geotextile”is used for textile products and their by-products concerning earth and earth-based structures. Geotextile consumption has been increasing since 1960. At presend, it is estimated that geotextile consumption 2 ^ is nearly 250-400 million m per year, in whole world,' and VII it is expected that this amount will increase to 1000 2 million m on the year of 2000. Geotextiles, which have greater importance day by day, have two main functions. Mechanical funtions are related to separating, reinforcement and protection characteristics. Hydraulic funtions are related to drainage and filteration characteristics. Since not knowing about geotextile funtions and the purposes of these funtions can be one of the reasons to decrease efficiency, they are especially explained in this study. During the use of these materials, some disadvantages such as difficulty in choosing the right type, clogged pores, corruption after a long time in day light, and difficulty in importation should not be ignored, although they are cheap, economical, easy to store, resistant against bacteries and decays, and they require no labour force and equipments, and have the ability to work in a temperature range from 40 C to 100 C. General information of geotextiles concerning their application fields and construction types has been given in the last parts of Chaster II. Chapter II refers to one of the most common types of geotextiles known as non-woven geotextiles. In this chapter, all the detailed information concerning non-woven geotextiles has been given. Before all else, it hası been explained why non- woven types of geotextiles are especially preferred by considering industries using non-woven geotextiles all over the world and the increment in their consumption amount. It is necessary to examine non-woven manufacturing processes in detail in two manners. First one is in accordance with the raw material, and the second is in accordance with process of obtaining non-woven surfaces. THe raw material can be in two states: Staple, and continuous. So, there are two different manufacturing processes which have great diCWsity, at the beginning of VIIChapter III, all existing production methods have been explained, one by one. Other parts of Chapter III refer to a real production line concerning non-woven geotextiles. Firstly, a production line based on spunbonding method has been explainde, step by step, from every point of view including all detaills. And then, a study on general costs of a mill in which spunbonding method is carried out has been done. Quality control applied to materials which is one of the most important parts of this study has been taken into consideration in two stages. The first is related to characteristics of geotextiles tested. And, the second is related to methods of quality control. It can briefly be summarized that main characteristics of non-woven textile surfaces can be classified as physical, mechanical, hydraulic and strength characteristics. The desired results in civil engineering applications can be obtained by keeping these characteristics under control. For example, unit area weight which is one of the most important physical characteristics for geotextiles varies from 100 2 to 1000 gr/m. Space dimensions vary between 50-350 micron for a space rate, which is another physical characteristic, by 90% (that means spaces are thinner than 90%). Deformation under tensile determines mechanical characteristics of material depends on dimensions of the sample, environment temperature, and increment in tensile stress. Water permeability determining hydraulic characteristics can be expressed with the unit of Litre/ 2 second /m, and water pressure used in test is, in general, equal 10 cm, of water column. Permeability in non- woven 2 type of geotextile is nearly 200 Lt/sec/m. But, this value decreases depending on the increasing pressure. Strength of non- woven geotextiles against external affects depends not only on the structure of textile material and VIIIpolymer characteristics as basic material, but also on the production method and additive. Test methods used for above mentioned characteristics can be classified as mechanical tests, hydraulic tests, and strength tests against physical, chemical and biological affects. At present, these tests are carried out pursuant to the terms and conditions of ASTM, DIN, NEN, BS, AFNOR, etc., and to the standards of some international organizations such as ISO, RILEM, EDANA. But, it requires a couple of years more to unite these test methods under an international standard. It must also be expressed that real load effecting geotextiles and other external affects can only be pr-edicted and test are carried out under various assumptions. The last parts of Chapter III also constitute the conclusion of this study. Those are dealt with the results of above mentioned quality control tests applied to samples of geotextiles. In addition, a comparison between these are results has been made. As it is known, geotextiles are mostly used in construction sector. So, the biggest problem is to choose the correct type of geotextile having required characteristics. This study has been done, briefly, as an enlightenment of the solution of this problem. Before all else, flow of matrial belonging to the most common types of geotextiles has been considered, then raw materials and their characteristics had been tabled. Since polyesters and polyprophilens are mostly used in manufacturing geotextiles, these two raw materials had been explained more detailed and some experiments had been done to make a comparison between their chemical strengths. Polyester geotextiles are preferred in the structures to be used in water because of their greater specific gravity. But, the most important disadvantage for polyester is to IXbecome hydrolysis resulting from the combination of humidity, alkali environment, and/or high temperature. In the following parts, all the tested characteristics of geotextile materials have been inspected one by one, and first a comparison between non-woven and woven types of geotextiles and geogrids and composit materials, and finally a comparison between non-woven types of geotextiles had been made by using test methods for geotextile materials. And it was understood that although woven types of geotextiles were stronger than non-woven types of geotextiles which were based on staple fibres, they had less strength than non-woven types of geotextiles produced by the method of spunbonding. And if geotextiles based on staple fibres are listed according to their strengths, mechanical bondign non-woven types of geotextiles take the first rank, and heat bonding non-woven types of geotextiles take the second rank. Mechanical bonding samples give better characteristics than heat bonding ones by 80-90%, and they are more preferrable, as it is seen in the results of tests. As a result, quality control for geotextile samples has great importance, since efficient use of geotextile materials is only possible when the right type is used in the right place, and this causes the characteristics to be known very well. Essential characteristics in comparison of samples are physical, mechanical, hydraulic, and strength characteristics. Finally, it has to be stated that geotextile samples cause better results than other conventional construction materials when efficiency considere, even if they have diversities in both quality and being economical.

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