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Boğaziçi'nde insan etkileri ve çevrenin görsel yorumu

Visual effects of man-made developments on the rosphorus and the visual commentment of the Bosphorus present landscape

  1. Tez No: 21830
  2. Yazar: A.ŞEBNEM PİLGİR
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. HÜLYA YÜREKLİ
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1992
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 150

Özet

ÖZET Bu tezde, özel bir fiziksel ve görsel çevre olan Boğaziçi ve onu bu denli özel bir mekân haline getiren fiziksel ve kültürel elemanları üzerinde insan yapısı oluşumların görsel etki ve sonuçları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. 1. Bölüm Bu bölümde, çevreye ilişkin herhangi bir görsel incelemede çevre bütününü temsil edecek bileşenler, bu bileşenlerin seçimi ve değerlendirilmelerine ilişkin özelliklerin tanımlanması ve bu özellikler üzerindeki değişken faktörlerin belirlenmesi gibi genel tanımlamaların ışığında Boğaziçi'nin fiziksel ve görsel bir çevre olarak niteliği tanımlanarak değerlendirme kriterleri belirlenmekte; bu görsel niteliğe etki eden gözleme ilişkin faktörlerle, dış değişken faktörler bu bölüm kapsamında incelenmektedir. 2. Bölüm insan (toplum) ve çevre etkileşim halinde olan iki sistem olarak ele alındığında, çevrenin biçimlenişindeki farklılığı açıklayabilmek için o çevreyi kullanan ve onunla ilişkide olan insanı (toplumu) tanımlamak gerekir. Bu nedenle, bu bölümde, insan (toplum) sosyal ve biyolojik özellikleri ile ele alınarak Boğaziçi'nde biçimi oluş turan insan (toplum)'a ait temel tanımlamalar yapılmıştır. 3. Bölüm Toplumun zamanı, mekânı ve araziyi kullanıştaki karakteristik tarzı, insanın çevredeki özel durumunu, hareket modelini belirler. Kültür sisteminin bu model yoluyla soyut olarak belirlediği örüntüyü, düzenleme ve birimler arası organizasyonu oluşturan sosyal sistem somutlaştırır. Bu kabullerin doğrultusunda insan (toplum) ve çevre ilişkilerinin, çevre biçimlenişi açısından incelenmesi bu bölümün içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. 4. Bölüm 3. Bölümde tanımlanan çevreye ait kültür sistemindeki uç değişimler (ekonomik, sosyal) ve sosyal sistemin oluşturduğu kurum ve bunların yaptırımlarına ait uygulama problemlerinin etki ve sonuçları, Boğaziçi'ndeki görsel problemi oluşturan kaynaklar olarak bu bölüm kapsamında örnekler tartışılarak incelenmiş ve tanımlanmıştır. 5. Bölüm Bu bölüm ise tüm tez çalışmalarının sonucunu içermektedir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY“VISUAL EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE DEVELOPMENTS ON THE ROSPHORUS AND THE VISUAL COMMENTMENT OF THE BOSPHORUS' PRESENT LANDSCAPE”The aim of this study is to search the visual effect of man-made developments on the Bosphorus which is a special and unique visual landscape with its own physical and cultural components. In the first chapter the concept of the environment, its components and some certain properties of the environment related to the visual study for Bosphorus are reviewed. Also in the same chapter, the analysis of the Bosphorus is presented. The first part of this chapter contains the concept of physical and cultural environment and the classification of their components. The environment is defined as all the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding, affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms. According to this definition, the environment of the man (community) is the physical environment. The relations between man and environment causes some changes in physical environment and this changed environment is called“cultural environment”. Cultural environment can be defined as the physical effects developed while man's using nature. The expanse of the environment makes impossible to be identified as a whole. It is needed to break the environment systematically down into the detailed set of meaningful concepts which represent environmental conditions. The Ekistic Grid is a systematic exposition of the relationship between aspects of physical environment and other relevant factors. The horizontal axis of the Ekistic Grid refers to the scale of the environment, from the measure of man alone, through dwellings and neighborhoods, up to ecumenopolis of 30 million people. The vertical axis consists of types of elements making up nature, man, society, sheets and networks. It is possible to identify all the environmental scales and elements with the help of the Ekistic Grid, but there are times when it is sufficient to know only the significant scales and elements of an environment that are so central to the full picture that a change in them would mean that the whole scene would have different implications. According to this acceptation, some of the environmental components and scales of Bosphorus selected for this study. The selected scales are; Bosphorus as a region, two sides of Bosphorus and the villages taking place at both sides; and the selected components are; land form and the naturel surface cover. The second part of this chapter contains the visual properties of the components and variable factors having influence on these properties and also the evaluation of both general and the Bosphorus' visual landscape. The components of visual resource are all of the light-reflective surfaces of the physical environment. Any component of environment is seen in terms of its form, color and texture. It is possible to measure some properties of form, but color and texture are not mearusable. Visual properties of components are influenced by some variable factors. These factors are described as time, climate, atmosphere light and observer distance and position.Visual properties of the components and variable factors, having influence on them, may be used as tools to define landscape compositional types. So long as the observer's relation to objects that comprise particular landscapes remains fixed, landcapes may be thought of as fixed entities. With the moment comes variation, for the objects viewed at one point will present different aspects of their forms, become hidden by other objects, or enter into different seen objects combinations when viewed at another point. Seven compositional types are identified and proposed. Pa noramic, feature, enclosed, focal, canopied, detail and ephemeral. To find the aecthetic quality of landscape and judgement of it requires appropriate criteria. There are mentioned criterias such as unity, composition, variety, harmony, contrast, vividness which do not exist in isolation, they overlap together. While evaluating the visual quality of Bosphorus as an environment it, can be defined as a natural formation with its interesting perspectives contrasting and also, in harmony with each other, its land form, its vegetation and its morphological qualities. The Bosphorus rotates six times while its route, so it does not consist of one space. According, to the position of the observer, -especially, his position on the critical points- it is possible to achieve different perceptions. The two sides of the Bosphorus are not for away from eachother so it is passible to distinguish the visual components of both sides. The qualities, contrast and components of background con easily be analyzed. So the general visual qualify consists of both the foreground and the background. The settlements -as a visual component-, in the past, were linear developments. The seaside were prefered as a settling area and the vegetation area, at the back, were used as a garden. The villages and the districts, behind the sea-side, were undeveloped, rural settlements. These settlements, developed spontaneously and respectful to the scale of the vegetation and topography, consist of spaces which shows different characteristics of the spaces of today's settle ments. Recently developed settlements consist of a system where the natural components and the characteristic qualities of the existing settlements are not used effectively. As a result, all the structures form the same scale with the same form and the visual quality of the settlement consist a monotonous character. This type of settlements changes the visual quality of the green texture and the forestry lands with its villa groups, apartments and slum area, (athough they are settled spontaneously). In the second chapter, when man (community) and environment are taken as two systems affecting each other, in order to explain the different formations of the environment, it is needed to define man (community), having relationship with the environment. An evaluation schema groups the elements of evaluation studies into three primary dimensions: institutional, environmental, and participatory. These dimensi ons provide a useful framework for design and review of evaluation studies based on the user as a measuring instrument. The evaluation studies are based on the user because of his focal importan ce in creating and shaping the daily environment of his own. vi -INSTITUONAL purpose of evaluation evaluation strategy decision makers sources of funding goals and objectives ENVIRONMENTAL domain definition standarts and criteria measurement and measurement system PARTICIPATORY individual characteristics group characteristics participation role user-identification An evaluation schema The institutional dimension considers why, how, and for whan the study is being done. These are not independent attributes of one dimension, interact both within the institutional dimension and among all three dimensions the choice of strategy or, in other words, how the study is to be done, is obviously defined by why and for whom it is being done and by the goals and objectives. The environmental dimension encompasses domain definition, physical attributes, standarts and criteria, and the measurement system. The third dimension of the evaluation scheama is the partipatory dimension, which includes the identification of users, individual and group characteristics, and the role of the user or participant. The concept of the person as a measuring system for environmental evaluation carries with it a number of important concerns and questions. To what extent do users and groups of users agree or disagree about the quality of environments? A number of other concerns are directly related to this question which effects the shape of environment. identification of individual and group characteristics of users is important. We should learn from the environment and from the people who use it. We need to know what is valued by the users of the environment, what satisfies their wants and needs, and what fails to satisfy their wants and needs. Because the action system is the effect system of man on environment. In this chapter man/community is studied as the effect system on the forma tion of the Bosphorus so that no expanded studies of the individual and group cha racteristics are included. In the third chapter, in case of identifying the formation of the environment, the relationship between man (community) and the environment is analyzed. The characteristic properties of environment formed by using time and place and the components of the physical environment, defines the special position and model of motion of man in that certain enironment. - VIIModel of motion is called action system which can be analysed by its subsy stems: The cultural system, the social system, the personality system and the beha vioral organism system. The distinctions among the four subsystems of action are functional. We draw them in terms of the four primary functions which we impute to all systems of action, namely pattern-maintenance, integration, goal attainment and adaptation. In analyzing the interrelations among the four subsystems of action and between the systems and the environments of action - it is essential to keep in mind the phenomenon of interpenetration. It is important to talk about interpenetration because it is the internalization of social objects and cultural norms into the persona lity of the individual. In case of searching for the visual quality of a certain enironment, this study is concentrated on the cultural system and the social system which works together to form the shape of environment and life. It is attributed that the primacy of pattern-maintenance -and of creative pattern change- to the cultural system. Cultural systems are organized around the characteristics complexes of symbolic meaning - the codes in terms of which they are structured, the particular clusters of symbols they employ, and the conditions of their utilization, maintenance and change as parts of action systems. Only through cultural sembolization can architecture and site planning activities show that the daily life has a meaning which trescends the immediate situation, that it forms a part of a cultural and historical continuity. Social systems are organized with primary reference to form the order and the organization between the units of the abstract models of the cultural system, which will become concrete terms after this process. The structure of social systems may be analyzed in terms of four types of independently variable components: values, norms, collectivities and roles. As a result it is admitted that the built enironment at every scale is a cultural cipher; it reflects the social organizations that created it and to which it caters. At any given time, the built enironment reflects past and present concepts of normative patterns of behavior. We thus have a circular relationship in which social organization patterns lead to patterns of built form and then social organizations, as they change, have to adapt to the affordances of the built environment and in their efforts to adapt they change the built world so do the visual environment. The fourth chapter is a practise under the acceptions of the third chapter. With those acceptions the changes in the cultural system of the environment, and the effects and the results of practical problems of the social system are defined as the damaging causes of the physical, ecological and visual problems of Bosphorus, and analyzed with certain examples. Ail great cultures have created artificial environments by utilizing or incorporating natural elements. The history of the pre-industrial Bosphorus presents the development of a spontaneous landscope which appropriates the nature of the landscape. It was the ancient Greeks who had relations with the Bosphorus first They had collonies on the Black Sea shores and before they sailed to the through Black Sea they passed the calm Bosphorus on which they had sacred points to pray, which they thought would help them for their dangerous journey. In the Byzantion - viii -period it was the city of Byzantion which was mainly populated. The city was erected on a very unique point of the Bosphorus, on a peninsula surrounded by the Golden Horn, Bosphorus and Marmara Sea on the European side of the Bosphorus. There were city walls for protection and because of the unstable situation of Anatolia and Trace Byzantion people did not settle on the Bosphorus. Only certain summer palaces, monastaries and churches were scattered around it. People who did not have any relations with the city of Byzantion, built some villages along the shore of the Bosphorus. In the Ottoman Period the Bosphorus was used more effectively because of the stable situation of the Ottoman Empire. It was especially in the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent that people settled on the shores of the Bosphorus. In the Ottoman Period, the Bosphorus was mainly used for two purposes: Because of its fertile valleys and mild climate the shores of the Bosphorus was used for agriculture. Fishing also was an important activity. As a result of this there were small village settlements on the shores and few in the inner parts of the Bosphorus. These villages had a spontenous development which ended with irregular road forms and open spaces. The main open space which took place near the waterway housed a ferry station, a mosque, church, synagogue -depending on the structure of the population-, a fountain, a boat shelter for fishermen, and houses with shops on their ground floor. The plane-tree was an important feature of the open spaces. To encourage the people to live on the Bosphorus the transportation of building construction materials were free from charge on ferries. Until the 20th century the ferry was the only public transportation system. A road which passed from the shoreline and linked the villages was constructed in the 20th century. The second purpose was recreation, apart from villages there were houses, palaces placed on the banks of the Bosphorus which belonged to the Sultans or the officials of the palace. Big row boats were used on the Bosphorus for transportation. If we look at the situation of the Bosphorus today we can see that there is a very unplanned development. After the planning activities since 1970's, the visual environment changes day by day. The main problem of the Bosphorus is that there was not a sufficient and effective master plan and related measures which was and can be applied for a certain (long enough) time period to see its results and evaluate it. The ever changing decisions gave way to different applications on the sites. In 1971 there was a plan and certain measures which came in force. According to this plan there were big areas on the Bosphorus where it was allowed to built, when ground floors are considered up to 15 percent of the plot area, and three storeys (9.50 m) (This was named as settlement in green.). In 1 973, 74, 75 new measures were taken in relation with the 1 971 plan. In 1 977 there was a new plan made which was revised in 1978 and applied for one year. In 1982 this plan was revised again and put in force. With this plan there was a permission to build only one building with a standard measurement on each plot. The area of the plot was not important (300 or 30.000 sqm). In 1983 there was a new law which was put in force to conserve the Bosphorus. With this law all kinds of construction was prohibited on the Bosphorus. In 1985 a new law was passed and with this law it was allowed to build -when ground floors were considered- up to 6 percent of the plot area. This permisson was only valid for plots bigger than 5.000 sqm. And two storeyed buildings were permitted. This permission continued until 1987. Now again it is not possible to build on the Bosphorus. We think that prohibiting the construction on the Bosphorus is not a solution for its conservation. The Bosphorus is a very big piece of land and it is not possible to conserve and develop it without using it When permissions are not given - ix-than it is the illegal construction process which speeds up. It is announced by the municipality that there are about 18.000 buildings which were illegally built in 1989. The solution is to give permission but know the consequences of it and do not let illegal construction to go on. The current change in population and preferences of the actuel cultural systems, deeply effects the social organizations of the Bosphorus' and all the systems related to the Bosphorus. Some visual results are practised in order to show the effection dimensions of man on a physical environment. The fifth chapter consists the results of the studies of the theises. - x

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