Kentsel mekan tasarım ilkeleri ve mimari oluşuma etkileri
Urban design principles and their effects on architecture
- Tez No: 21903
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. HASAN ŞENER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 77
Özet
ÖZET Bölüm l'de, günümüz ile geleneksel şehirlerin dış mekan yapılanmaları karşılaştırılarak, günümüz şehirlerinin kentsel mekan sorunlarına değinilmiş ve bu sorunlara yol açan nedenler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bölüm 2' de, mekan kavramının, düzeyleri ve çeşitleri irdelenerek, mekan tanımı ayrıntılarla açıklanmıştır. Bölüm 3'te, kentsel mekan tasarımının tanımı yapıldık tan sonra, yakın tarihteki kentsel mekan teorileri, genel bir gruplamaya gidilerek örneklerle açıklanmıştır. Bölüm 3 'ün, ikinci kısmında, mevcut bazı kentsel mekan tanımları, teori ve örneklerinden elde edilen, senteze ulaşmada yardımcı olan bazı ortak noktalar gruplanarak,“ilkeler”başlığı altında sunulmuştur. Bölüm 4'te, İstanbul'da iki ayrı kentsel mekan için yapılmış yarışma projeleri, bölüm 3'te açıklanan ilkeler gözönüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bölüm 5'te ise, tüm araştırma, tespitlerden elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilerek, kentsel mekan tasarım il - kelerinin, şehirlerimizin oluşumundaki önemi vurgulanmış - tır. iv
Özet (Çeviri)
URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ARCHITECTURE SUMMARY In the beginning of the 20th. century, the architecture began to search for new images. Function- based modern movement that began to deal with the interior rather than exterior, and famous architect - urban planner le Corbusier's principles about decreasing population on the ground for more air, light,, and parklike space, by increasing the height of the buildings; established the new rules for the image of a new century. Besides; the usage of automobile, which increased in daily life, contributed a great deal to this image. Therefore? the architecture began to look. alike all around the world with unattractive parking lots, undefined open spaces and useless sunken plazas which slowly diminished the concept of outer space, that was well-defined in the traditional cities by the texture of the solids. The purpose of this study is; 1) To.draw attention to the concept of the design of urban space which have been ignored for many years and caused the fading of the cultural / social formal character of our cities, 2) To reach to some common points (principles) from the theories and examples of urban spatial design, 3) To test these principles on some urban spatial competition projects in Istanbul and question the effects to the formation of an architecture without the disadvantages mentioned above.» In part II the concept of space is defined.“Enclosure”is the basic issue in defining the“space ”. While it relates to environment, it improves itself and this could be called as, the“existential space”. Manmade space is pronounced as“architectural space ”, since it has concretization of the existential space. The levels of the architectural space are seperated as the geographic, landscape, urban, street and house vlevel.“The urban space”; is defined as the space that remains outside and its 3 dimensional frame, 2 dimensional pattern and the objects it pertains, helps to define the character of itself. Some different characteristics can be stated as* a)“Positif-negatif ”which the pozitif is well-defined enclosed and static, b)“Dynamic and static”which dynamic space has certain directions to create movements. The elements of the urban space are square and streets which function as Junction points and distribution lines. The formation of squares and streets are very much related to the purpose they have and the enclosure properties. Therefore; a square can be defined as a closed, functional space within a city fabric. The square can be grouped as; 1) Traffic squares; which are nodal and round, in shape, and help to organize the traffic, 2) Residential squares; which are made for recreational uses for people, 3) Pedestrian, squares; the squares which are organized to attract people and keep them to use the place by social and cultural functions. Streets do also have pedestrian and circulation functions and sometimes, it is useful to seperate them. Enclosure can be maintained by using; horizontal elements like cornices, colonades, bands and walls in the streets which aren't well-defined by the seperated buildings. The concept of urban design is explained in part 3, as the search for order, scale and beauty, in an outside environment. The theories of urban spatial design that are gathered from different examples of architects and the theoricians, have been grouped such as; 1) Figure-ground theory; claims that an urban spatial design should start from the figure- ground analyses which enables one to understand vxthe ratio and relations between solids and voids in the context. 2) Linkage theory; claims to begin the design process by investigating the movement systems in the context, and create spaces according to this network, While Fuhimiko Maki, theorician, groups the circulation network as* a) Compositional, b) Megaform, c) Group form. One of the famous defender of the theory Ed Bacon shows how the movement systems can shape the design, in practice. 3) Place theory; suggests to design the space by considering the features of each context, such as history, culture and social character. Although the contextual ity claims the same thing, their designs are totally different from each other. In the part 3b, some common points that are found from the definitions, theories and past-present examples of the urban space, are stated as principles of urban design. These principles can be described as follows j 1) Forming visual axis; is the principle of visually connecting some important landmarks in a part of a city to create attractive perspectives and a simple geometry. This principle is based on, Sixtus V, in 16. c, who visually connected the obelisks he put, and let the important piazzas form in time, which influenced Washington D.C.'s geometry. 2) Lateral enclosure and edge continuity; is the principle that is based on the definition of the space. In order to create a well-defined space, enclosure should be maintained, as it can. also be seen from the successful urban designs throughout history. 3) Linking sequential movements; can be explained as creating a direction of movement by axis or hyerarchically defined spaces, in order to link the pedestrians, to the intended directions. VI a4) To establish a function, is based on the definition of urban space which claims that every urban space have a purpose to exist. Therefore; from social to cultural, from commercial, to recreational, some functions should be established, in order to create a space. These functions will effect the formations of spaces since their physical needs would be. different. 5) To hummanize the scale, is to bring to scale closer to human size in order to provide the comfort of the pedestrians who uses it, and also, to enable them to use enough sun, light and air. 6) To create different levels; in order to have more richness in perspectives and to help to define edges of space. 7) To use the objects as organizing forces; the elements like statues, trees, fountains, collonades can be used to give an order, a geometry or a common architectural expression. These elements have been used in many examples throughout history. Some principles can be found in the starting points of the theories: 8) To use the figure/ground ratio of the context, in design; can be listed as a principles, from the figure/ground theory. 9) Continuation of circulations, which is the starting point of the linkage theory, can be added to the principles. 10) To be aware of the values of the context, which the contextual ist s claims in the place theory. The cultural, historical, social values can be adapted differently on the design. In the 4th part, the ten principles that are listed in the part 3, have been searched on two contemporary urban design competition projects, in Istanbul. Although the scale and the characters of these places are different from each other, it has been observed that both projects have, more or less, tried to use these principles, while searching for shape and order. V11J-In the conclusion part, it has been said that besides the effects on bringing order, beauty and scale, the urban design principles help the cultural/social/historical character to improve, with the formations of well-defined urban spaces that reflects the character of the context, and enables the society to live and function in it. Also, on most of the past examples of architectural history and contemporary designs (as seen in the part 4) it has been investigated that while these principles are tried to be used, they give form to architecture. As seen in the examples, some masses could be seperated or lifted on columns in order to enable both the continuation of circulations and boundries (principles 2 and 9), trees could be lined up, in order to define an axis (principle 1) or the scale and character of the masses could be determined in respect to the masses in contexts (principle 8). Therefore j as a result, it has been pointed out that the urban design principles will play an important role on the formation (both cultural and formal), of today's and tomorrow's Gities. IX
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