Hayat sigortacılığı ve Türkiye'de hayat sigortasında fon yönetimi
Life insurance and fund management of life insurance in Turkey
- Tez No: 28677
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. MEHMET BOLAK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Sigortacılık, Insurance
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 167
Özet
ÖZET Hayat Sigortası kişilerin ölüm, maluliyet hastalık v.b yaşantı ile ilgili risklere karşı, kendilerini ve/ve ya kendilerine bağımlı kişileri korumak ve/veya küçük ta sarruflarını değerlendirerek geleceklerini güvence altına almak amacıyla yapmış oldukları bir sigorta sözleşmesidir, Hayat sigortaları ana amacı olan“risk dağıtma işle vi”' nin yanısıra yarattığı uzun vadeli fonlarla ülke eko nomisine katkıda bulunarak“ekonomik işlev”de yerine ge tirir. Hayat sigortaları Portföyü.', satış teşkilatının halkı yanlış olarak bilgilendirilmesi, halkın sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik seviyesi 'nin düşüklüğü, enflasyon gibi nedenler den ötürü, Türkiye'de bilinçli bir şekilde artmamış, ancak ilk bilinçli artışlara Avrupa Topluluğu 'na girme çabası ile 1991 yılından itibaren rastlanılmaya başlanmıştır. Sigortalılardan toplanan uzun vadeli fonların, enflas- yonist bir ortamda,.Sigorta Murakabe Kanun'nun gösterdiği şekil ve miktarlarda olmak üzere en verimli yatırım araçla rında güvenilirlik, likidite ve karlılık ilkelerine dayanı larak değerlendirilmesi ve sigortalıya yüksek oranda kar 7-3. paylı tazminat ödenmesi hayat sigortalarında fon yönetimi nin ana amacını teşkil eder. Ancak tahsilat ve otomasyon sorunu, Türkiye'de Sîerma- ye Piyasası 'nm ve Para Piyasasının tam olarak gelişmemesi halkın bu konudaki bilinçsizliği ve devletin gerekli yardı mı sağlamaması gibi nedenlerden ötürü Türkiye'de 1990' lı yıllarda Hayat Sigortasından fazla bir şey beklenemez. Ha yat Sigortalarının ekonomiye katkısı dikkate alınıp, devle tin özellikle vergi konusunda Hayat Sigortası Şirketlerine avantajlar getirmesi, satıcıların hayat sigortası konusunda eğitilmesi, hayat sigortasının gelişmesini sağlayacak en önemli etkenlerdir. vıı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY LIFE INSURANCE AND FUND MANAGEMENT OF LIFE INSURANCE IN TURKEY In the process of social development, along with people, economic systems which change rapidly and which grow day by day to become complex and corporations in these systems face a“risk factor”which can be defined as loss possibility and which are based on social, physical and economic sources. The basic function of insurance is the distribution of risk and when the risk is realized to compensate the cost of damage. But while insurance accomplishes this function, by transferring the fund power by premium incomes to investment areas it also accomplishes an economic function namely establishing a financial resource to the economy. Life insurance brings numerous advantages to the country's economy compared to the other branches of insurance because it has longer term funds and a wide risk distribution-when one considers the importance of savings and investments in the development of a country life insurance, both causes an increase in investments by promoting people to save and also increases social welfare by guaranting the future of people. Life insurances directs the long term funds of people of which are formed by totalling their small savings to capital investments by using capital market tools and provides an increase in national income. They effeat the foreign balanese of payments balanaes by providing serviaee whiah are foreign exchange earning or which oan be enhance foreign exchange. On the other side by paying taxes from the incomes they earn the also create a tax source for the state. VXllLife insurance policies can be grouped under 3 main titles ; -Life insurances with savings objectives. -Life insurances with indemnity objectives. -Endowment insurances. In insurances with savings objective when the period stated in the policy ends the insurance company commits itself to pay to the policy owner on hischoise either to pay a total amount of money or to pay a life-long salary.Retirement insurances are of this type. In insurances with indemnity objectives the insurance company pays the beneficiary the amount written in the policy. If the insured person dies within the period stated in the policy. Term life insurances are in this grouped. Endowment insurances are a type of life insurance which is made by combining indemnity and savings insurances so as to bring solutions to basic problems of both types. Whole life and child insurances are in this group. In Turkey the development of life insurances has not followed a trend, and because of causes like inflation, the misinforming of people by people by the sellers high numbers in certain periods and very low numbers in certain owner periods has been encountered. Between 1987-1990, rather than giving the correct information to public,with the application of intense marketing techniques the starting of a blow-up has reached todays level by the effects of things like the efforts to enter the European Community starting on 1991, making sellers and public conscious about the subject, and with the initiation of life insurance companies being formed as separate companies. xxIn 1990 in life insurances direct premium production was 451.861 million TL.and in 1991 it is 847.523 million TL.An increase by 87.6 % in a new year has been observed. In 1987 while the share of life insurance in the sector was 7.5% this number has reached 21% in 1991. As to 1990 data life branch has gained the second place after Yugoslavia in the world with a real growth of 92.67 %,In the total premium production among the world's countries while it climbs from 48th to 41st in the ranking done according to total premium production per person with a 2.75 $ production it has moved from 55th to 49th. When we take Total Premium Production in life branch/Gross Domestic Product ratio as a measure our country has come up to the 52nd row from the 58th with 0,16 %. According to researches covering the first 6 months of 1992 life insurance showing a growth of 117 % in comparison to the same period of the previous year, one can see that life insurance is a branch which drags the insurance sector. The problems encountered in life insurances which show increases and decreases since 1972 are the same since years. In order for the conscious increase starting on 1991 to continue a good acknowledgement of the problems encountered, and a solution to these problems is a must. The problems encountered in the sector can be totalled with 4 main titles; -The socio-cultural and economic level of the public. -The inadenquacy of the sales organization. -Collections and automation, -problems faced the Fund ManagementThe low level of social felfare of the public and the national income per person and hence the inadequency of the educational level has caused the under development of the consciousness of the life insurances -The sales organization with low level of education who mislead the public has also supported this. The insufficiency of the banking system and of the automation has brought the problem of collection in the agenda. The loss of valve of reserves, deposited by life insurance companies as assurances for insured people, because of inflation, made the premiums paid by the insured people expensive and when the risk was realized the indemnities they would get on those days circumstances was inadequate, are similar reasons which explain the problems faced in fund management. The reaching of the objectives of a life insurance is only possible with a successful fund management policy. The evaluation of long term funds collected from insured people in an inflationary environment and their allocation in the most profitable investment tools with reliability, liquidity and profitability principles as stated in the types and amounts of the insurance Supervisory Law and the payment of indemnities with high profitability ratios are topics of fund management. The topic of in which investment tools the fund accumulations which have reached 1.157.658 million TL, will be appraised changes from one year to another. Until the end of 1992 treasury bills and government bonds are the investment tools which have mostly been chosen because they can be accepted as guarantees, and because they can answer criteria like liquidity, profitability and reliability and also because they are exempt from corporate taxes. But with the changes of tax laws at the end of 1992 and with the new investment tools brought forward with the Law No. 3794 whiah modifies the Capital Market Law Numbered 2499, the advantages of government bonds and treasury bills have disappeared. XIWith the disappearence of tax advantages of government bonds and treasury bills life insurance companies have started to seek from new investment tools. Now from the life insurance companies' point of view the most productive investment tools are stocks and investment funds containing stocks of 25%. With the modifications in the tax laws life insurance companies are exempt from corporate taxes on earnings they have made from the sales and purchases of participation documents of stocks and investment funds containing 25% of stocks for 5 years. A 10% stoppage tax only from long-term investment funds containing a ratio of stock of 25% will be deducted. Finance bonds are liquid investment tools which provide an income which is around 1.2 times of treasury bills and government debentures.These bonds are not chosen by life insurance because that they are risky from the recollection of main cash and interests and they are subject to corporate taxes. But while the purchase of Finance bonds of related groups eleminates the risk disadvantage, because of reasons like the lack of any other alternatives the demand for such tools will be created. When one considers the contribution of life insurances in the country's economy, primarily the government must take incentives whiah will solve the problems of life insurances and which will develop life insurances. It will be suitable for the government to decrease the tax burden on life insurance companies.When no taxes are charged for real people when they purchase treasury bills and government bonds it is very meaningless to demand taxes from life insurance companies which evaluate the investments of real people and which guarantee risks for the investment tools which were once very attractive. The lowering of this tax to the minimum will enhance the investments of the Insuring people be evaluated at its best. The governmenht must eliminate the inheritance tax charged on the beneficiary of the insured the expense tax charged on the insurance Xllcompany on the sickness branch, and the income tax charged to the seller. A second measure to develop life insurance is "to bring a solution to the education problem and to make the public conscious on this topic'The organization of life insurances being made up of good educated, expert people will make them transfer correct information to the public and this will decrease the cancellation of policies and and enhance the sales of a less number of policies which will be lasting ones. The 3rd measure is to achieve automation by- developing the banking system. As a result, solutions to collection problems will be solved which is the biggest problem of insurances. The best opportunity the government will provide is the establishment of investment tools which will bring advantages to both parties, which will conduct long term investments to industrial investments, and which will provide earnings above the inflation rate in the long run. Xlll
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