Gecekondulaşma sürecinin incelenmesi : Alibeyköy'de ( İstanbul ) bir araştırması

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

Tez No: 39409
Yazar: ZEYNEP KEREM
Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. GÜNDÜZ ATALIK
Tez Türü: Doktora
Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1993
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 272

Özet

7. The squatters' tendency of construction of new storeys ontheir houses increases after taking the“Btle Allocation Certificate. 8. Developments of public policies in the district up to now increased applications for amnesty laws. 9. Discoveries at Alibeyköy indicate that, according to the size of families, numbers of rooms are increased. The generalization that squatters live in a single room is being changed. Following the summarizing of the consequences some work have been done to develop cenain criteria to serve the following purposes: 1. Administrative Arrangement 2. Organizational Arrangement 3. Legal Arrangement 4. Economic Arrangement 5. Arrangement Concerning To Housing Policy. Administrative arrangements should be made at central administration and local administration levels especially in municipalities, without contempting the ”Squatter Phenomenon " setting up, above directorate units, high level organizations which would interest merely with this subject and educating qualified personnel, ensuring continuous coordination between Sub-municipalities to prevent different applications are the subjects of great importance. Organizational Arrangements are possible for the persons and managements who labored to build the squatter houses. Workforce of squatters should be organized and used in the improvement, and their families should be educated. A new organization must be set up to ensure an absolute coordination between the Municipality of Greater Istanbul and the Sub-Municipalities. In the legal arrangements; for arranging current squatter law opinions of the persons who apply them should be Taken. The articles which created difficulties in the application can be rearranged and the articles causing dilemma can be corrected in parallel with public benefit. On the other hand, articles of laws should be easily understandable and some connecting articles should be clear-cut and free of interpretation easily. In the Economic Arrangements; local and central administrations should increase resources to solve the troubles of growing squatter houses which threaten health of the city particularly in Istanbul and should be organized with more capable technical staff. The Arrangements Concerning the Housing Policy should emphasize the importance of making necessary investigation of the families before allocating them social houses and organization of Guidance Services which would be helpful for the families in their various communications. The applications at the prevention areas seem to be important. In the prevention areas it is required that construction of buildings on plots allocated to housing cooperatives should be appropriate to stipulations of the plans. Besides municipalities should help people to whom disputed plots are allocated and give xvn

Özet (Çeviri)

l STUDYINC OF SQUATTERIZATION PROCESSES: AN AREA ANALYSIS İN ALİBEYKÖY (İSTANBUL) SUMMARY The purpose of this work is to stııdy processes of grovving scjııatter phenomenon in the developing countries. Furthermore, a field stııdy which constitutes the experimental part of the main study is conducted in Turkey, namely in Alibeyköy for an in depth analyses. A chi-square test of hypotheses is tried out through a face to face interview with a questionnaire in that region. The first chapter is about the exphınation of the purpose of the study. The squattertzation processes have been brought about by migrations of great masses f rom rural areas la the cities. The process of growing cities is a characteristic of ali countries.Despite tlıe fact that in Western societies, tbrmation of rural and urban development follow each other, the societies in Developing Countries industrialization is not paralleled by urbanization. Due to economic structure of the developing countries and population increase withoııt plan, the workforce vvhich cannot be employed in the rural areas, move to the cities, where it is employed at marginal sectors instead of industry. Geneıally purchasing capacily of the migrants are limited and it is extremely difficult tor them to o\vn a house ör a plot for a legal shelter. Therefore, shanties as the housing form of low-income groııps appear, without any payment for plots, through invasion of public areas. in time, increase of squatter houses and tbrmation of large squatter societies put pressure on administrators to bring basic facilities and transportation to these settlements. The second chapter of the work includes the examples of hnprovement projects that are applied at scjuatter settlements in the developing countries and patterns of social housing application - - another housing form for Low- income group. Improvement projects in Indonesia, Philippines, Bolivia, Egypt and social housing projects in Singapur Hong-Kong and Venezüella are compâred to each other in terms of the success and failure. in the third chapter, the studies, made for growing squatterization processes and the results are being explored in Turkey. The demographic increase between 1948-50 being an important factor in great migrations towards big cities cause hypergrovvth of some cities together with more development. Though, since 1948 the legislation were introduced to bring soltıtions to squatter houses which become parts of these unhealthily growing cities, palpable success has not been achieved. Therefore, it is required to study municipalities as the most authorized institutions for implementing policies and the problems of sauatter populations. The squatter legislation makes legally constructed dwellings and requires demolishing others that had been bııilt. So they aim to bring sokıtion only for certain periods. in The Law No. 775 sqııatter areas are divided into three districts, such as Improvement, Prevention, and Elimination Areas and at Improvement Areas together with plan makings delivering titles to plots are accepted as essential. XIVin The Law No 2981 and Law No 3290 (an amendment to Law no 2981) which have amnesty chaıacteristic, states that if sqııatter houses have district qııalities they should he made lawful hy making improvement plans tor them and providing them with titles. Concerning legislation, returning the possession of plots to the squatters are accepted as principle. According to Laws No. 2981 and Law No 3290, hefore the titles, which would have been delivered to scjuatters after improvement Plans, first a Title Allocation Certificate, prepared hy Vowed Private Technical Offices are given. These certificates have been interpreted by sqııatters as title-deeds vvhereas. they were only representative of sqııatters right to obtain allocation of plots. Moreover, giving Title Allocation Certificates to squatter plots that have bareiy foundations of shanties and also to shanties which aftervvards were transformed to shops has been encouraging for squatters. There are many problems at the applications in the Prevention Districts too. Some of the majör problems faced are: determination as preventions district of the plots ownership of which is in dispute, planning of the districts and applicatıon of plans to lantls and allocation of plots. Although social houses are öne of the positivechoices for squatterelimination, the rapid rısing of çonstruction unit prices and cost for new infrastructures and transportation possibilities at the districts are found considerably heavy by the organizations which have these houses constructed. Those organizations, in our country, appear as municipalities ör Ministry of Public Works and Resettlement. Besides when these social houses are allocated for rent ör sale.the prices are low and installınents are vvith 5 per cent interest, so repayments can not recover the costs. When the applications of upgrading projects at squatter districts in Turkey and other model countries are compared, improvement Plans can be considered as a form of improvement Projects. Despite there are foreign aids in these projects, in our country aids f rom foreign sources to improvement plans do not exıst. in improvement Plans the priority is to give title deeds to squatters. There is not any system in which plot is hired for long periods of time. Among the common characteristics seen in the countries \vhich apply social houses the preceding fact is that the houses are not appropriate to aımed groups. Moreover houses are hired ör sold without proper observations ör investigatıons of socio- cultural, socio-economic situations of these who would live in them. The problems in applications are based on long observations of the author, which makes this clıapter original. in the fourth chapter, Alibeyköy Squatter District is chosen and analyzed. it has been selected because it is inside the borders of historical Eyüp County and it has been a squatter district for 30-40 years. AH applications concerning squatter legislation exist at this district. According to analytical tests the restılts have shown that in Alibeyköy majority of the buildings are l-2sföreyshigh and in reinforced concrete. in the infrastructure at the district canal network is inefficient but there are electricity and water. Social facilities, like in ali squatter settlements, are not adeqııate. in the fifth chapter prior to area studies in Alibeyköy some hypotheses are introducetl. These hypotheses are testecl through face to face intervievv application in Alibeyköy and findings are tested with Chi-square test. Crosstabulations of interviesv questions concerning to the hypotheses are constituted by help of SPSS/PC programs and studies are made for vvhether ör not there are relationships between the variables. XVin the sixth chapter consequences are being studied and propositions of solutions are developed. The results, obtained by studying growing squatter phenomenon in the developing countries and in Turkey are summarized below. in ali developing countries,destroying shanties have been adopted as first solution instead of decreasing in migration process that constitutes basış of growing scjuatter settlemenls. Hovvever after the 1960's it has been realized that constructions of new shanties could not be prevented, programs were prepared to improve present squatter settlements. in improvement programs generally work was learned by doing. in projects the delays caused by economic strtıcture of the countries and political disagreements created negative effect. in these projects ensuring basic facilities and preparing plot programs with infrastructure constituted the first target. Transferrıng of ownershıp of plot of the squatter differs from country to country. it is realized that the applicatıon of social houses is not successful in every country. Although some successful models have different physical, social, administrative and demographic conditions, their experiences can be useful other countries. in the same way, in Turkey at the beginning preventing the formation of shanties by demolishing theın was considered to be a good solution,but due to any result was not obtained laws were enacted to legalize them. Scjuatter Law No. 775 introduced in 1966, is the most comprehensive squatter law. it is valid at present. Many articles of the Law no 2981 and Law no 3290 enacted after 1984, have amnesty characteristics ancl continue to encourage building of shanties. Application periods were extended clue to the giving of the Title Allocation Certificates by The Municipality of Greater istanbul, making effective of improvement plans, after ratification of sub-municipality assembles and returning title distributions authorities to sub-municipalities according to No. 3030 Law. These resulted in failings in ensuring a good coordination betvveen municipalities. in this stııdy, some of the hypotheses are derived from the applications. Some of the results of the questionnaıre carried out in Alibeyköy and try-out of hypotheses with Chi-square test are as follows: 1.By Laws any effective solution to squatter phenomenon have not come into being.2.There are persons who pay for the plot of squatter house and organizations ör people who ensure building of houses by squatters \vithout annoyance. 3.Witlı the development of reinforced concrete constructions form squatter houses are bııilt more than öne story and professionals take role dııring the construction. Along with settling, hiring, increased squatter houses become tools for investment in the city and a way of integration into urban society. 4.Squatters houses are, generally owned by working in cities. That indicates that families stay with their relatives ör in a rental house when they first come to cities. 5.For building the houses use of materials obtained from first hand is increasing. 6.Squatters demand title from municipalities as main priority of the services. XVI7. The squatters' tendency of construction of new storeys ontheir houses increases after taking the“Btle Allocation Certificate. 8. Developments of public policies in the district up to now increased applications for amnesty laws. 9. Discoveries at Alibeyköy indicate that, according to the size of families, numbers of rooms are increased. The generalization that squatters live in a single room is being changed. Following the summarizing of the consequences some work have been done to develop cenain criteria to serve the following purposes: 1. Administrative Arrangement 2. Organizational Arrangement 3. Legal Arrangement 4. Economic Arrangement 5. Arrangement Concerning To Housing Policy. Administrative arrangements should be made at central administration and local administration levels especially in municipalities, without contempting the ”Squatter Phenomenon " setting up, above directorate units, high level organizations which would interest merely with this subject and educating qualified personnel, ensuring continuous coordination between Sub-municipalities to prevent different applications are the subjects of great importance. Organizational Arrangements are possible for the persons and managements who labored to build the squatter houses. Workforce of squatters should be organized and used in the improvement, and their families should be educated. A new organization must be set up to ensure an absolute coordination between the Municipality of Greater Istanbul and the Sub-Municipalities. In the legal arrangements; for arranging current squatter law opinions of the persons who apply them should be Taken. The articles which created difficulties in the application can be rearranged and the articles causing dilemma can be corrected in parallel with public benefit. On the other hand, articles of laws should be easily understandable and some connecting articles should be clear-cut and free of interpretation easily. In the Economic Arrangements; local and central administrations should increase resources to solve the troubles of growing squatter houses which threaten health of the city particularly in Istanbul and should be organized with more capable technical staff. The Arrangements Concerning the Housing Policy should emphasize the importance of making necessary investigation of the families before allocating them social houses and organization of Guidance Services which would be helpful for the families in their various communications. The applications at the prevention areas seem to be important. In the prevention areas it is required that construction of buildings on plots allocated to housing cooperatives should be appropriate to stipulations of the plans. Besides municipalities should help people to whom disputed plots are allocated and give xvnthem programme. and application projects. On the other hand standardization of quality and cost of construction materials for social houses is essential. As a result, Upgrading Programs and the Social Housing Development Agency's efforts have been ineffective for solving the spread of squatter issues. In Addition to that, this issue has not been considered as a whole the in National Economy. Instead of solving these illegal spread of squatter houses with bureaucratic means, it is better to approach this problem through City Planning with no expectations of political gains. XVIII

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