İstanbul metropoliten alan gelişme sürecinde bir dini, kültürel sosyal yerleşim merkezi-Eyüp
In the development process of İstanbul metropolitan area, a center of religious, cultural social setlement-Eyüp
- Tez No: 39463
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. METİN SÖZEN
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 430
Özet
ÖZET Tezin amacı, İstanbul'un en eski Türk (Osmanlı)-İslâm sur dışı yerleşmesi ve önemli bir dini, kültürel sosyal merkez olan Eyüp için bir planlama modeli oluşturmaktır. Bugüne kadarki koruma planı uygulamalarında plandan uygulamaya geçişte genelde başarılı olunamadığı görülmektedir. Bunun temelinde ise Merkezi ve Yerel Yönetimlerin koordinasyonu ile kararlı ve bilinçli koruma politikalarının geliştirilemediğinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın kapsamı zamanda ve mekânda; tarihsel süreç içinde Eyüp yerleşme dokusunun tamamı olarak alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada irdeleme ve sonuca ulaşmada ise birbirini bütünleyen üç ayrı çalışmadan meydana gelen bir yöntem kurulmuştur. Eyüp'ün sosyal, kültürel, fiziki yapısının ve şehirsel dokusunun tarihsel süreç içinde gelişimi ve değişimin tesbiti ve irdelenmesi önemli bir çıkış noktası olmuştur. Yerleşme yöresinin bu süreç içinde gelişip nasıl bir kimlik değişimi ile günümüze ulaştığını anlamaya ve Eyüp'ün bugün bu değerler açısından sahip olduğu potansiyelin tesbitine yardımcı olmuştur. Burada coğrafi ilişkiler ağı içinde ülkemiz ile benzer, biri İslam ülkesi ve diğeri Hristiyan-Avrupa ülkesi olmak üzere iki Akdeniz ülkesinden, geçmişinde dini misyon taşıyan iki eski kentin tarihi merkezinin, kültür mirası yapıları ve doku suyla korunarak kullanılmasında başarılı sonuçlara ulaşılmış iki çalışma örnek olarak alınmış ve bu iki örnek çalışmada koruma politikalarında ortak noktaların tesbiti yapılmıştır. Bu örnekler, çalışmayı yöneten ve yönlendiren yetkili kamu görevlileri ve teknik elemanlar ile yerinde görüşülerek bilgi alınmış, uygulamalar yerinde incelenmiş ve kendilerinden alınan geniş dokümandan İstifade edilmiş örneklerdir. Bu başarılı örnekler; bizim burada kurmaya çalıştığımız planlama modeli ile ulaşacağımız sonucun uygulanabilir olmasında yol gösterici ipuçları vermiştir. Sonuçta ülkemiz şartları da göz önüne alınarak bu önemli dini, kültürel, sosyal merkezin İstanbul metropoliten alan bütünü içinde kazanacağı kimlik ve üstleneceği rol ile ilgili, planlamadan uygulamaya geçilebilen bir model oluşturulmuştur. Bu modelin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için planlama ve uygulamaya yönelik koruma politikaları tesbit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. -XXV-
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN AREA, A CENTER OF RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL SOCIAL SETLEMENT-EYÜP PART 1. ITS AIM, CONTENT, AND METHOD The aim of this study is to form a planning model to rehabilitate Eyüp District being an important out-of-walls settlement in terms of being a religious, cultural, and social center, as a part of world-famous metropolitan city, Istanbul and within a hierarchy of planning, and integrity. The domain of the study in terms of time, the historical process from the old ages to our time and in terms of space the whole of the settlement structure has been devised in the study A three-staged method has been used. The development and transformation of Eyüp's social, cultural and physical structure in the historical process has been studied. In the network of geographical relations, it has been tried to benefit the experiences of two countries in conservation of historical city-centers having religious mission in their pasts. These countries, one of them a Muslim, and the other is a christian country had successful applications of planning. These historical town-centers Medina in Tunusia, and Ravenna in Italy have been examined to help our model. PART 2. THE PLACE AND IMPORTANCE OF EYÜP IN İSTANBUL WHICH IS THE WORLD-FAMOUS METROPOLITAN CITY Istanbul is a city which has had great influence on world history in terms of its political and cultural relation, its physical structure and position from time to time and its domain of power was widened, and in some other periods, its power got weaker and party narrowed. However, in spite of every variable condition, we had good reasons to consider Istanbul as a world-famous city with its original and universal cultural values of its past and continuity of them. In the historical process, Istanbul became the regresentative center for three different world famous view-points or convictions and the capital of three world-wide empires; the conversion of the Pagan world into Christian, world was conducted from this center and the city became the cultural and administrative capital of Byzantium, which was the first Christian empire in the middle ages. It continued its prestige as the great economic and cultural centre. In the Ottoman period, after its conguest by Mehmed II (the Conquerer) It became the capital of the Islamic world soon after the conguest, Mehmed -xv-the conquerer had a tomb built for one of the companions had a tomb built for one of the companions of prophet Muhammed, Eyüp Ensari, a very important person for the Islamic world in the place where he was said to die, being a martyr outside the city walls during the siege of Istanbul by Muslim Arabs. After a short time, the first mosque, a madrasah (old-type university), a cafeteria and a public bath were built, by his order and this the first building complex was formed in the area near the Tomb, improving the conditions of the district. Thus the region was named after Eyüp Ensari due to the great respect for this personality. Eyüp, situated on the coast of the Golden Horn, which is a natural harbour became the seaside resort of those times before the Bosphorous coasts became popular. Having a rich cultural environment, Eyüp was a holy place where the Ottoman sultans and people of the court showed respect hightly so it became an important place of pilgrimage. The tomb had a distinguished place in the traditional ceremonies of the sultans girding on swords and it has continued its importance in the social lives of Turco- Islamic people in their lives and deaths up to now. Thus this settlement, which is about 600 years old has maintained its universal value as a holy place for native people and many foreigners also visit it due to its cultural heritage. PART 3. DESCRIPTION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT OF EYÜP IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA. This settlement is situated to the west of Bosphorous and on the south coast of the Golden Horn. Having the coastal line of 2.6 kilometers the part where Eyüp complex and its vicinty is situated, is almost at the sea level. As we get away from this centre, the land mass gets higher. Having undelating ground, Eyüp has a lot of hills which have wonderful view of the Golden Horn the most famous of these hills is the Hill of Idris Köşkü its cafe (Pierre Loti) and its vicinity, which impressed not only the writer Pierre Loti but other foreigners who visited this place. The most important connection to this region which had an access both by land and sea, is the Rami Kisla Road which runs outside the city walls and in the south of Eyüp with its connecting roads to the motor way of the first Bosphorous Bridge and another way of connecting this road to the motor way of the second Bosphorous Bridge which passes near Ali- beykoy besides this, there are webs like roads which connect the Rami Road to the centre of Eyüp and to the coast of the Golden Horn, and another coastal road which connects Eyüp to Alibeyköy and to the city centre, Eminönü. The continuity of the coastal road was possible by the construction of an extended road which was established on pillars stuck into the water -xvi-in front of the historical quay which was the extension of the Historical Eyüp region. Besides these main connections, the settlement has old narrow streets. As to transportation by water way or boat, as the Golden Horn was filled with mud, and the level of the water decreased, and as the roads developed the transportation by sea has lost its. Importance part of the quary nearby disappeared the function of Eyüp quay stopped in 1991, ending transportation by boats. At Eyüp square of the mosque, there are intensively situated historical and cultural charac-teristics which make the region distinguished. In the vicinity of the square of Eyüp, we can see a lot of cultural heritage from the past. As we more away from this area, the intensity of these works gets weaker. There are complexes, mosques elaborate epitaphs monumental tombs for the statesmen and royal people, priceless examples of calligraphy and stone inscriptions, the old grave yards the shade of cypress trees the dervish loqges, which are the spiritual cultural, artistic, social and educational institutions of the past. The traditional Turkish houses whose numbers are very few and which from the examples of settlement structure of the past, having tiled roofs, bay windows and at most three storeys, with garden, built next to one another, many fountains which can be considered works of art the special buildings (sebils) where free water was given aut and traditional narrow streets where these houses are found in sequence. These are the features which distinguish Eyüp as a historical site. Moving away from this historical square, in spite of many examples of degeneration, we can still see some patches belonging to the ancient city consisting of complexes, mosques, graveyards, courtyards, dervish lodges fountains, traditional wooden houses and their small squares. These structural parts still represent and heritage of the past. PART 4. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SETLEMENT STRUCTURE OF EYÜP TRANSFORMATION In this section, Eyüp's settlement structure in the historical process has been discussed. The transformation has been studied in terms of funda mental changes in the legal, social and the cultural structure and of the important decisions which coused these change. In this context, the structure has been examined according to two distinctive eras, the pre-Türkish and post Turkish eras the date of this distinction is 1453, when Istanbul was conquered by Turkish this two different historical perspectives have been considered. In the pre-Turkish era, the Eyüp District was also used as a summer resort and hunting area of the emperors as there were forests rich in plants and game animals. Therefore in this period, there were mansion -xvii-houses for emperors, churches, castles, monasteries and a hippodrome there was also a small rural settlement where a diary suppled the milk of the city making use of the mud at the bottom of the golden horn, they would make bricks in the brickyards in this area. The most important of the churches and monasterien were named after Saint Kosmos and Damianos, so this district was said to be named Kosmidon this area was also the necropolis of Byzantium. The first settlement outside the city walls started with Mehmed the Conquerer's constructing such social institutions, as the mosgue and the builcing complex of it. When they became foundations they got more func tional this part was the kernel around which the area developed into six quarters. In the reign of Süleyman the magnificient the town did not extend beyond that specific structural settlement, some other social institutions, such as new complexes, mosques, dervish lodges were integreted into the existing structure, as a result the structure became more intensive and it extended towards the coast a little. The period after Süleyman the Magnificient in which, we can say, the western influence started the classical Ottoman style was gradually abandoned in the architectural ornamentations and constructions the dif ference in the style started with the reflection of the western characteris forms in the latter works. Eyüp developed as summer resort the new form of construction started to appear in the established structure. They built lots of mansion houses, summer palaces on the coasts extending up to Bahariye. The period of industrilization and westernization which started with the reigon of Mahmud II. initiated a fundamental changes in the traditional structure, which turned the summer palaces into factory areas the jarissary Army Institution was eliminated and western type army headquarters was established. It was in this period that the idea of making city plans was developed. It was believed that only with proper plan was it possible to have a well-developed cities. In this period which included the first part of the new Turkish Republic foreign planning experts were brought and Haliç (Golden Horn area) was tamsformed in to an industrial centre. In the period of great change after 1950's especially from 1956's onwards, they gave much emphasis on urbanization activities which give the priority to the constsuction of new roads the mass demolishment of the old buidings in order to open up new important trasportation routes such as the third golden horn bridge road and its connections and the motor way of the Bosphorous bridge, New Eyüp Road caused great dest ruction in the city structure. It was in this period that the golden Horn coasts was laden with industrial buildings and the empty lands were filled with illegal constructions lacting infrastructures. -xvxii-The period of the local governments activities, (after 1984) the local government were reorganized and their authority in city planning was strengt hened and adopted a dynamic structure the most important achievement of this period was that the coastal areas were cleared off industrial construc tions, and they were nationalized. After the constructian of the recond Bosphorous Birdge and its motor way constructions they were considered effective transportation application and the easy flow of traffic was emphasized, to solve the problem of congestion as a result of this, by the construction, of bridge motor way connection roads and Eyüp coastal road caused the destruction of the historical structure of the district to a great extent. In the existing structure of the old town the empty spaces gained great value which led to speculation and as a result, the high rise buildings made by differernt builders changed the characteristics of the settlement. PART 5. EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION OF THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE COMMON POINTS IN THE CONSERVATION POLICIES. In the historical city center Medina in Tunusia, the capital in Tunusia, as a Muslim country on the Mediterranean coast and the city center of the city Ravenna in Italy, (Centro storico) some precautions have been taken for preservation reasons these studies and plans have been examined in order to make a model considering realities and conditions. PART 6. RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS As we try to rehabilitate Eyüp preserving its cultural, social and naturel values as part of contemporary life, the creation of functions and services which car give up a subcentral identity having cultural characteristics in the hierarchy of centers in the metropolitan integrity. In ordes to achieve this aim there must be a policy of arrangements, functions, and applications. With such a policy some principles as the starting point of making a model have been put forth and these principles have underlined the study. The settlement area, has been divided into four sub-districts which have different charecterictics, however, display integrity. This is the starting point which directs the study. Out of those districts, the sub district we are interested in has been the Eyüp mosque and the Tomb (the complex) its vicinity, and the space which has integrity with the coast the historical potential in this area is possible to be evaluated to develop an original project. In the study of this distinct two sub-zones which will be reading points in the study have been emphasized one of them is the project zone and the other is banning of the traffic in the specific historical zone having examined the examplas of the foreign countries with similar expericence -xix-and considering the conditions of our country some policien that will lead to success have been presented these are the policien of planning and application. Model considering the realities and the conditions of our country. Realitien from design to application and the prerequisites to make them succesful have been considered in this study. -xx-
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