İncir meyvelerinde aspercillus flavus grubu fungusların kimyasal yöntemlerle önlenmesi yoluyla aflatoksinlerin azaltılma olanakları üzerinde araştırmalar
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 50624
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NAFİZ DELEN
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Ziraat, Agriculture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ege Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 93
Özet
First of all, variation in population of the af latoxigenic fungi in the^and spore dissemination for primary conidial inoculum were determined as to months in the years. In the orchard, the first spore dispersal in 1994 was observed in May whereas in 1995 it was occurred in May in the orchard. After determining aflatoxin production ability of the isolates collected during the period of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995, 14 isolates with different characters were chosen for laboratory and pot studies. Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of spore germination and sensitivity levels (ED50) of these isolates against 7 fungicides from different groups (copper oxychloride, çaptan, mancozeb, thiram, chlorothalonil, benomyl, prochloraz) were determined. Among all fungicides, prochloraz and benomyl had the highest effect to A. f lavus/parasiticus isolates. In pot experiments, prochloraz was also found to be the most effective one whereas all the fungicides decreased the population in soil in some degree as to control ones. On the other hand, chlorothalonil and thiram had the highest effect on for spore dispersal. In the light of laboratory and pot experiments and preliminary field trial, total 7 fungicide applications in 3 different programmes were used in two different fig orchards and storage room. Prochloraz and benomyl which were found to be the most effective ones were previously used in the first and second programs, respectively. Third program was the combination of the most effective and promising fungicides (Copper oxychloride, chlorothalonil, thiram, benomyl and proch loraz). 95The first fungicide application {tree and soil) was in the beginning of March after prunning, second (tree and soil) was in April after plowing, third (soil) was in June after pollination with fig wasp, fourth (soil) was in July in firm ripe stage, fifth (soil) was in early August before the shrivelled fig had fallen down, sixth one was applied on drying place in the middle of August, seventh one was for storage room application. All the fungicide programmes inhibited both the incidence of fungi and level of aflatoxin contamination. The lowest aflatoxin was analized from combination programme with 0.65 ppb for the first orchard, 0.49 ppb for the second orchard. However, in both orchards, prochloraz programme was found also effective in reducing aflatoxin concentrations with 1.1 and 0.81 ppb for prochloraz applications, respectively. In benomyl program, levels of aflatoxin were 1.56 ppb for the first orchard and 1.64 ppb for the second orchard. However, total aflatoxin in control fruits dried above soil surface were 9.21 for the first orchard, 11.85 ppb in the second orchard. Moreover, control fruits dried on soil surface had the highest concentration of aflatoxin with 38.77 ppb for the first orchard, 35.73 ppb for the second orchard. According to the results, aflatoxin Bl levels of dried figs from all fungicide treated characters were found lower than maximum limits of Türkiye and the other countries in the world. 96First of all, variation in population of the af latoxigenic fungi in the^and spore dissemination for primary conidial inoculum were determined as to months in the years. In the orchard, the first spore dispersal in 1994 was observed in May whereas in 1995 it was occurred in May in the orchard. After determining aflatoxin production ability of the isolates collected during the period of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995, 14 isolates with different characters were chosen for laboratory and pot studies. Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of spore germination and sensitivity levels (ED50) of these isolates against 7 fungicides from different groups (copper oxychloride, çaptan, mancozeb, thiram, chlorothalonil, benomyl, prochloraz) were determined. Among all fungicides, prochloraz and benomyl had the highest effect to A. f lavus/parasiticus isolates. In pot experiments, prochloraz was also found to be the most effective one whereas all the fungicides decreased the population in soil in some degree as to control ones. On the other hand, chlorothalonil and thiram had the highest effect on for spore dispersal. In the light of laboratory and pot experiments and preliminary field trial, total 7 fungicide applications in 3 different programmes were used in two different fig orchards and storage room. Prochloraz and benomyl which were found to be the most effective ones were previously used in the first and second programs, respectively. Third program was the combination of the most effective and promising fungicides (Copper oxychloride, chlorothalonil, thiram, benomyl and proch loraz). 95
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Dried figs, öne of the traditional fruits of Türkiye, are wellknown för their high guality ali över the world. Aflatoxin contamination of dried fiğ sometimes gives rise to significant problems. Besides, aflatoxins are carcinogenic contaminants of certain foods and feeds. they can cause several toxic effects in human and animal. Therefore, the occurence of aflatoxin in food is recognized as a serious food safety hazara by most countries of the world. Aflatoxins cannot be eradicated easily from food with normal procedures and remain in t-he products without detoxificated until consuming. There fore, public concern is increasing for this threat. Consequently, when the level of aflatoxin is determined more than the limits of exporter countries, dried fiğ products, such as fiğ paste, are being rejected. This results in a serious economical problem. Aflatoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus are soil-borne pathogens and they can be found more ör less in the orchards in ali growing seasons. Aflatoxin can be developed only after the fungi are colonized in/on suitable substrate. Aflatoxin is usually produced during preharvest when the fruits are on the trees. Thus, it could be usefull and effective way to control fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin development with fungicides in the orchards. The objective of our study was to inhibit the fungal growth by suppressing with fungicides. The fungicides were applied to both trees and soil when the fruits were absent. After fruits were formed, to prevent new contamination fungicides were only sprayed on soil surface under the trees to avoid possible fungicide residues in fiğ fruits. 94First of all, variation in population of the af latoxigenic fungi in the^and spore dissemination for primary conidial inoculum were determined as to months in the years. In the orchard, the first spore dispersal in 1994 was observed in May whereas in 1995 it was occurred in May in the orchard. After determining aflatoxin production ability of the isolates collected during the period of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995, 14 isolates with different characters were chosen for laboratory and pot studies. Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of spore germination and sensitivity levels (ED50) of these isolates against 7 fungicides from different groups (copper oxychloride, çaptan, mancozeb, thiram, chlorothalonil, benomyl, prochloraz) were determined. Among all fungicides, prochloraz and benomyl had the highest effect to A. f lavus/parasiticus isolates. In pot experiments, prochloraz was also found to be the most effective one whereas all the fungicides decreased the population in soil in some degree as to control ones. On the other hand, chlorothalonil and thiram had the highest effect on for spore dispersal. In the light of laboratory and pot experiments and preliminary field trial, total 7 fungicide applications in 3 different programmes were used in two different fig orchards and storage room. Prochloraz and benomyl which were found to be the most effective ones were previously used in the first and second programs, respectively. Third program was the combination of the most effective and promising fungicides (Copper oxychloride, chlorothalonil, thiram, benomyl and proch loraz). 95The first fungicide application {tree and soil) was in the beginning of March after prunning, second (tree and soil) was in April after plowing, third (soil) was in June after pollination with fig wasp, fourth (soil) was in July in firm ripe stage, fifth (soil) was in early August before the shrivelled fig had fallen down, sixth one was applied on drying place in the middle of August, seventh one was for storage room application. All the fungicide programmes inhibited both the incidence of fungi and level of aflatoxin contamination. The lowest aflatoxin was analized from combination programme with 0.65 ppb for the first orchard, 0.49 ppb for the second orchard. However, in both orchards, prochloraz programme was found also effective in reducing aflatoxin concentrations with 1.1 and 0.81 ppb for prochloraz applications, respectively. In benomyl program, levels of aflatoxin were 1.56 ppb for the first orchard and 1.64 ppb for the second orchard. However, total aflatoxin in control fruits dried above soil surface were 9.21 for the first orchard, 11.85 ppb in the second orchard. Moreover, control fruits dried on soil surface had the highest concentration of aflatoxin with 38.77 ppb for the first orchard, 35.73 ppb for the second orchard. According to the results, aflatoxin Bl levels of dried figs from all fungicide treated characters were found lower than maximum limits of Türkiye and the other countries in the world. 96
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