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Küresel dünyada lojistik anlayışı ve Türkiye'deki gelişmeler

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 55723
  2. Yazar: ÖZLEM BAŞARA
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. FÜSUN ÜLENGİN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1996
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 85

Özet

ÖZET Değişen pazar koşulları, işletmelerin varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için bazı kavramları yeniden gözden geçirmelerini ve pazardaki ihtiyaçlara göre değerlendirmelerini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Pazarın ihtiyaçlarını doğru olarak algılayan ve bunlara yeterli düzeyde cevap verebilen işletmeler yaşamaya ve büyümeye devam edeceklerdir. Müşteri ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermede en etkili silahlardan birisi de lojistiktir. Ürün kalitesiyle birlikte, bu ürünün istenilen yerde, istenilen fiyatta ve istenilen zamanda eline geçmesi müşteri için vazgeçilmez bir hizmettir. Gerçi her zaman bunların tamamını karşılamak mümkün olamayabilir, ancak hizmette yaratılacak farklılıklarla müşterinin tercih ettiği işletme konumuna gelmek çok zor değildir. Lojistik, ürünün kaynağından tüketicisine ulaştırılması için gerekli tüm faaliyetler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Lojistik akışında yer alan birimler, tedarikçiler, üreticiler, depo/dağıtım merkezleri ve müşterilerdir. Lojistik süreci bir işletmedeki anahtar süreçlerden biridir. Tedarikçi ilişkileri, depo yönetimi, malzeme planlama ve kontrol, taşıma ve nihayet müşteri ilişkilerini kapsamaktadır. Anahtar süreç olarak, hem müşteriye hem de firma sahiplerine büyük değer katabilir. Müşterileri bugün lojistik etkinliğiyle memnun edebilmek uzun vadeli ilişkilerin başlangıcı olacaktır. Bu çalışmada, tüm bunlar gözönünde bulundurarak lojistik kavramının yeni tanımları üzerinde durulmuş, dünya genelinde işletmelerin lojistiğe yaklaşımlarına değinildikten sonra, lojistik sisteminin elemanları teker teker ele alınmış ve bu arada Türk şirketleri üzerinde yürütülmüş olan çalışmanın sonuçlarına yer verilmiştir. vu

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY Despite the enormous attention being focused on customer service and quality improvement in companies worldwide, only a small percent of suppliers/distributors can successfully execute a customer satisfaction strategy through their logistics processes. Logistics is a term used to describe the activities necessary to move a product from its original source (suppliers) to the ultimate customer. Improving the service quality that the logistics process provides increases thus the customer satisfaction and supports customer loyalty. These in turn lead to market share and margin increases. Examples of the logistics processes are : - the shipment of consumer goods, such as processed food groups, from a manufacturer to a grocery store, - the receipt, warehousing and shipment of personal computers to customers by a distribution center. Key players in the logistics are; suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers and distributors, retailers and end customers. Suppliers can be defined as an organization producing or processing raw materials. They“feed”materials to the manufacturer for processing. Depending on the industry, suppliers take many forms, for example, a supplier to a manufacturer may be a regional warehouse, wholesale distributor, or even another manufacturer. Manufacturers generally process or assemble inputs from suppliers. They use distribution/logistics to facilitate the receipt of stock and track materials, schedule outgoing shipments. Manufacturers use distribution/logistics to facilitate the receipt of stock, store and track materials, and schedule outgoing shipments In a traditional supply chain, the wholesalers or distributors will receive a request for products from a customer and fill the order from inventory accumulated from manufacturers. They serve as distribution points for products. In many cases, wholesalers and distributors serve as a point of order entry and manage inventory and transportation activities. vmThe end of the traditional supply chain is the retailer. It typically distributes the product to the end customer. In some instances yhe consumer buys the finished product from a distributor, examples of retailers in the consumer products industry include grocery stores, retail clothing stores, pharmacies. Improving relations among these players and establishing an effective process is essential to satisfying customers. It can also help a company achieve competitive advantage. Evolution of Logistics From the beginning of the twentieth century until the mid-1970s, consumer product organizations could be characterized as follows ; - Long product life spans - Products differentiated through engineering and innovation - Large stocks of inventory - Productivity opportunities pursued in production processes - Nonintegrated organizations for purchasing, inventory control, transportation and warehouse management - Adversarial relationships between suppliers and manufacturers or manufacturers and shippers In these years one test of a company's ability to satisfy customers was its success in delivering the“ right product to the right place at the right at the right price.”In recent years flexibility has supplanted economies of scale in manufacturing and distribution. Companies strive to supply superior service to gain competitive advantage. Economic shifts have resulted in fundamental changes in the ideal organization : - Product life spans are decreasing as the quantity of products proliferates and global competition increases. - Customer service has become more important in differentiating products. - Increased interest rates, real estate prices, fuel costs, and labor costs have focused attention on warehousing, inventory, and transportation productivity. - Informational and industrial technologies have become more accessible and much less expensive. Logistics as a process Today, most companies, at least at the business unit level, are organized functionally around departments that“do something.”The sales department sells. The manufacturing department makes product. The purchasing IXdepartment provides raw materials and components etc. Each of these departments carries out a definable task. Individually though, none creates value for customers or shareholders. Nor do they individually accomplish what the corporation has set out to do. Processes on the other hand accomplish things and create value. The goal of logistics process is to weave together and coordinate all activities involved in acquiring, converting, and distributing goods from raw material source to final consumer in order to accomplish the customer service objectives. It is a key business process for a company by adding high value for customers and share holders alike. It is the key to day to day customer satisfaction for companies that produce or distribute goods. In operating today's businesses, logistics should be considered equal in importance to established functions such as manufacturing, finance, information processing, marketing. However, managing logistics as a process does not require massive redrawing of organizational boxes and responsibilities. Instead it demands cross-functional planning, coordination, and management. The functional categories of the logistics process can be described as follows :. Executive Management is responsible for the overall guidance and policies of distribution/logistics; for example, market/channel definition, promotion, and service objectives. It also sets the standards for customer service and high-level performance expectations for the distribution/logistics activities. Activities performed by executive management are ; - formulation of logistics strategies and policy, - administration of systems, - coordination of related functions, - handling of public relations and representation at functions The purpose of managing industrial logistics is to maximize the economic value of products or materials by ensuring that products are where they are wanted, when they are needed, and at a reasonable cost. The executive's challenge is to be proactive in shaping the future by creating a competitive business which works with its suppliers and customers and to emerge as a leader. ?Customer Service provides products/services which meet customer expectations with respect to availability, convenience, and information. Activities are customer inquiries, order entry, creditchecking, order maintenance, monitoring order status, expediting orders/special requests, writing transfer orders, invoicing, returns/exchanges, technical advice/support. ?Warehouse management regulates how products are received, stocked, processed, and distributed in warehouse/distribution center. A warehouse is a stocking point whereas a distribution center is a site which receives merchandise in bulk from vendors/manufacturers and redistributes in smaller quantities, usually to retail stores or end customers. Activities are receipt scheduling, receiving, inspection/quality assurance, putaway, stock transfer, letdown, physical inventory,. Inventory management is a major part of company logistics because it can significally impact costs and customer service. Inventory management must manage the flow of inventory from the supplier's raw materials to the finished product to the satisfied customer. It is responsible for managing the movement of material/inventory from the supplier to the customer at the lowest cost, while maintaining customer service objectives.. Transportation coordinates the procurement, administration, and research of transportation resources for movement of raw materials to production and finished goods to market. Activities performed are ; - carrier management and third-party services - private fleet management - shipment planning (inbound and outbound) Focusing on these activities and managing logistics as a process would help to be closer to the customers and improve the service quality that the logistics process provides. This will result in increases in customer satisfaction and supports customer loyalty. These in turn often lead to market share and margin increases. At the same time, focusing on true customer needs eliminates cost for services not valued. Improving the productivity of the logistics process also reduces costs. Together these actions help make products and services more attractive in the marketplace. Logistics in Turkey Turkey represents a growing marketplace and a strategically located gateway to markets in the Middle East and former Soviet countries of Central XIAsia including Turkic republics. As Turkey is going to establish customs union with the European Committee, it is essential for Turkish companies to improve the logistics processes. This report is to represent how these companies are handling their logistics processes. The survey is based on a questionnaire consisting of eight different sections; - general information, - customer relations, - suppliers, - transportation, - warehousing and materials handling, - production and material planning, - information systems, - management. The answers of 41 leading companies of different business areas are evaluated using the SPSS for windows statistics software. The results then are interpreted in discussions with the management of companies and also management consultants. The survey results are mentioned in the fourth part of the report. The questionnaire and statistical results of the survey are to be found in the appendices. In most industries, both in Turkey and abroad, service is taking on new importance in the sourcing and buying decisions of customers. In this light, companies face two challenges. The first is identifying customer service requirements and developing service offerings that meet those requirements and add value. The second is to meet those requirements fully while exceeding customer expectations for those service dimensions on which it elects to seek competitive advantage. As quality customer service could be provided through effective use of logistics process there is no doubt to increase the quality and efficiency of it in order to achieve competitive advantage. XII

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