Uçucu külün zemin stabilizasyonunda kullanılması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55811
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. OĞUZ TAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 73
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, uçucu külün fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerini inceleyerek geoteknik mühendisliğinde kullanılması için gerekli tavsiyeler yapılmıştır. Uçucu kül, diğer ülkelerde uzun süreden beri stabilizasyon malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Fakat ülkemizde oldukça fazla üretim potansiyeline sahip olmasına rağmen yeterince kullanılmamaktadır. Birinci bölümde, sözkonusu malzemenin kaynağı ve inşaat mühendisliği endüstrisinde kullanım alanları açıklanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmanın amacı verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, uçucu külün tarihçesi ile fiziksel özellikleri ve kimyasal kompozisyonları endeks özellikleri incelenmiştir. Genel olarak üretilen uçucu küllerin sahip olduğu endeks özellikleri anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, konu ile ilgili literatür çalışması ana başlıklar altında toplanarak anlatılmıştır. Bu ana başlıklar, permeabilite, kompaksiyon, mukavemet ve sıkışabilirlik konulan olarak belirlenmiştir. Kireç, çimento ve uçucu kül ile yapılan stabilizasyon sonuçlan incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde bu tezin ana konusu olan uçucu külün zemin stabilizasyonu konusu anlatılmıştır. Uçucu külün permeabiliteye, kompaksiyona, mukavemete ve sıkışabilirliğe etkisi incelenerek zemin stabilizasyonuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Katı atık ve çöp depolama sahalarında sızdırmazlık tabakası oluşturmak amacıyla sıkıştırılmış kil ile geomembran kullanımı yerine uçucu kül ile geomembran kullanımı incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde ise deneysel çalışmalar ve sonuçlan incelenmiştir. Uçucu kül stabilizasyona etkisini ispatlamak amacıyla Kilsan Tuğla Fabrikası'ndan alınan kil numunesi üzerinde etkilerini incelemek için yapılan permeabilite ve konsolidasyonsuz-dranajsız üçeksenli basınç deneyi anlatılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise konu ile ilgili kişisel fikirler ve öneriler yer almaktadır. Elde edilen deneysel bulgular ve literatür araştırmasına göre uçucu külün zemin stabilizasyonu için ne kadar önemli bir malzeme olduğu anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Uçucu kül, kireç veya çimento ile kullanılması önerilmektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY USING FLY ASH IN SOIL STABILIZATION This thesis presents the soil stabilization using with fly ash in geotechnical engineering. Thermal power plants are needed for producing electrical energy against increasing human population. Our country has enough resources as rivers and coal to produce electrical energy. Unfortunately, electrical energy potential produced from hydroelectric dams and thermal power plants in Turkey are not enough. All of the world countries prefer to build the thermal power plants because its construction time is shorter and cheaper than the hydroelectric dams. In first section of the thesis how fly ash is obtained and a general property of fly ash is written shortly. Fly ash is a product of the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants that utilize suspension-fired furnaces. The ash from coal is largely from mineral matter or rock detritus that fills up the fissures in coal seams. Since the ash is in a finely powered state and has, in the dry state, a tendency to fly when disturbed, the term fly ash has come into vogue. Normally fly ash is removed by mechanical collectors or electrostatic precipitators as fine particle residue from hot flue gases before they discharged into the atmosphere. Depending upon the furnace, varying amounts of the fly ash, bottom ash or boiler slag are produced. In excess of 75 to 80% of the coal pulverized coal produced by suspension-fired furnaces are fly ash. The other products are bottom ash and boiler slag. The fly ash is either stored in hoppers or sluiced to lagoons. Where thermal power plants are restricted by environmental regulations, the fly ash is moistened with water and transported to distant places for disposal. Unless it can be used for other purposes. More than 85% of the most fly ashes consist of glassy and crystalline compounds formed by the thermal treatment of minerals. Table 1 is shown the chemical composition of coal ash after burnt. xinIn second section chemical composition, physical, and the geotechnical properties of fly ash is written. As chemical compositions there are differences between sub- bituminous and lignite coal. Sub-bituminous and lignite coal ashes are characterized by a relatively high proportion of CaO and MgO to Fe203, as distinct from bituminous coal ash, which is usually low in CaO and MgO but relatively rich in Fe2Û3. According to the ASTM C 618 and TS 639, fly ashes are two classes as“C”and“F”. The class of“C”fly ash is obtained from bituminous coal and consists of more CaO than“F”class fly ash. The class of“F”fly ash is obtained from lignite coal. The class of fly ash specimen for our investigations from the Seyitömer Power Plant is“C”. Table 2 is shown the group's differences. The physical properties of fly ash are explained below:. Fly ash varies in colour from light cream grey to dark grey.. The average gravity of fly ash varies from 1.9 to 2.9.. The fly ash particles contain high amounts of unburned carbon and hollow spherical calling cenospeheres and the radius of particle is between 1 and 150 um.. The radius of more than 75% of the fly ash particles are smaller than 45 um. The engineering properties of the fly ash are written below:. Fly ash is a very uniform material.. Fly ash consists of particulate materials very similar to silty soils.. It has a low specific gravity than natural soil.. Fly ash is a cohesive material.. Fly ash possesses various physical and chemical properties' characteristic of puzzolans.. Puzzolans are natural and artificial materials that are not cementitious by themselves but which react with hydrated lime and water to form cementitious compounds. Fly ashes are age-hardening and self-cementing in time.. Because of self-cementing property of fly ash, unconfined compressive strength increases when fly ash is compacted.. The permeability of fly ash is low.. For making the properties of soils better is mixed with fly ash.. They consist of water more than silts and silty clays.. Maximum dry density of fly ash is rather lower than natural clays and silty clays.. Optimum moisture content is rather higher than natural silts and silty clays. In third section papers and articles are looked for the literature working of this thesis. There are four main heads as compaction, strength, permeability and compressibility for investigations. In all articles compaction behaviour of fly ash is mentioned and XIVobserved that when maximum dry density is increasing, optimum moisture content is decreasing. Figure 1 shows these relationships between maximum dry density and optimum moisture content and also between Class“C”and Class“F”. Because of this reasons, fly ash stabilization of clay is decreased Ydmax, and increased wopt. Some articles are interested in adding lime and cement. And They observed that when lime content is increased, yamax is decreased, and wopt and porosity are increased. But cement content is not effected the compaction characteristic significantly. O ?D ES 3 o I si o o 3 F Class C Class Çatalağzı (F) Soma-B (C) Figure 1. Compaction Characteristics of Fly Ash. The fly ash stabilization is for an increase in strength. The increased shear strength achieved though fly ash stabilization allows construction of embankments with steeper slopes and results in lower lateral earth pressures on retaining walls. Fly ashes harden and gain strength as puzzolanic reactions produce hydration and cementation during the curing period. An increase in unconfined compressive strength is observed when cement and lime are mixed with fly ash and soil in all articles that is looked. The permeability seems to reduce with time in compacted self-hardening fly ashes. A decrease in permeability is observed with the addition of lime and cement. The standards of the US-EPA (United States Environmental Pollution Agency) are less than lxl O"9 m/s for the waste liner in landfills. Liners that is build by clay mixed with fly ash is reached desired value of EPA. The freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycle are not effected significantly the permeability, and also waste liquids. Fly ash is used for durability of liners in contact with hazardous wastes and low cost alternatives for construction. Figure 2 shows an example of the mixing clay, fly ash and slag for hydraulic conductivity. Swelling potential is decreased and CBR (California Bearing Ratio) is increased with adding fly ash to clays. An increase is observed in CBR value when lime and cement content are increased. In fourth section effecting to compaction, permeability, strength and compressibility of soils which stabilized by fly ash is written. Stabilization can be done with lime, cement, slag, fly ash and chemical materials. XV21 t 18- (I) £ 15-- o X * 12- J3 (0 fl>
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