Meydanın evrimi, mekansal analizi ve sosyal açıdan önemi
The Evolution the spatial analysis and the social meaning of the square
- Tez No: 66726
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. VEDİA DÖKMECİ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 144
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, fiziksel çevreyle bütünleşmiş spontane mekansal deneyimlerin kazanıldığı meydanın, toplum ve şehir kimliğinin oluşumundaki rolünü ortaya koyarak, onun mekansal ve sosyal anlamına işaret etmektir. Bu amaçla, birinci bölümde mekansal organizasyonun tarihsel süreç boyunca gelişimi ve bu gelişimde etkili olan planlama yaklaşımları ve teoriler, gözden geçirilerek örnekler çerçevesinde irdelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, meydanın mekansal gelişiminin planlı ya da fiziksel koşullara dayalı gerçekleştiği ortaya konmuş ve etkileyen koşullar belirlenmiştir. Fiziksel yapının incelendiği üçüncü bölümde ise, meydanın büyüklüğüne ilişkin oranlar üzerinde durulmuş, meydan-sokak ilişkisi tanımlanmış ve meydanın geometrik formlarına ilişkin analizler gözden geçirilmiştir. Sosyal yapı ise, dördüncü bölümde irdelenmiş ve meydanın iletişimi sağlamadaki rolü üzerinde durularak, onun, şehirsel ve toplumsal transformasyonun göstergesi olduğu belirtilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, meydanda mekansal deneyim ve algıların oluşmasında etkili olan mekansal etki alanlarının, strüktürel organizasyonu belirlemedeki rolü ifade edilmiştir. Bugün sosyal ve işlevsel anlamım koruma konusunda birtakım sorularla k?rşı karşıya bulunan meydanın, eski anlam ve önemini yitirmesine neden olan etkenlerin belirlendiği altıncı bölümde, aynı zamanda yeni meydan örnekleri irdelenmiştir. Yedinci bölümde ise, kollektif eğlencelerden yola çıkılarak, Türk toplumunda meydana olan ihtiyaç üzerinde durulmuş, onun sosyal yaşantımıza entegre edilebilirliği vurgulanmış ve Üsküdar'da bir kentsel tasarım proje örneğinde planlama prensipleri değerlendirilerek etki alanı analizi yapılmıştır. Son bölümde, meydanın toplum yaşamı ve şehir strüktüründeki önemi tekrar vurgulanarak onun, sosyal ve işlevsel anlamını kaybetmesinin kitlesel kültürün oluşumunu engelleyeceği ifade edilmiş ve bu nedenle meydanın, yeniden tanımlanması gerektiği belirtilerek, kullanıcıya ve sosyal olmayı sağlayan mekansal elemanlarına ilişkin araştırmaların gerekliliğine işaret edilmiştir. ıx
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE EVOLUTION, THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND THE SOCIAL MEANING OF THE SQUARE The focus of this research is the spatial analysis and the social meaning of public squares in urban life. Urban public squares provide an effective ground for human interaction and communication. Therefore, they play an important role of the determining the social character of the cities and mass cultur. Public squares are chosen as research subject for their importance in urban life. Urban public squares can establish a proper stage for spontaneous social experience and multiple human relationship in a direct relation with the environment. Because of this, they provide more opportinity for social experience than a shaltered place where our sociaty take place, Therefore, this research also aimes to address the need for public squares in our sociaty and containes a study in an urban designing project in Üsküdar by analysing spatial charakteristics of the square and spatiality of the surrounding buildings. Introduction accentuates the necessity of public squares in urban life and in urban structure. It reveals briefly the need to study them and also to design in our sociaty. Chapter One explores historical development of the spatial organization of the squares. It consist of eight part: Antiquaty, Mediavel Age, Renaissance, Barok, Classisism, The French Squares of the 17th to 19th Century, The English Squares of the 17th to 19th Century and The Spatial Concept of The East. In antiquaty period basic examples of Greek and Roman architecture are chosen to illustrate the spatial arragements. Agora which is the gathering place in Greek architecture is studied in two parts: Archaic and Hippodamik Helenistic. Acropolis sacred and also gathering place in early Greek cities is introduced in archaic time. In Roman architecture which was more developed in spatial impression than Greece Forum Romanum and imperial Forum are studied with priority. The second part of the Chapter includes the morphologi of the mediveal square, some characteristic solutions in Italy such as the Piazza del Duomo, the Piazza del Campo and specific arhitectural elements of the mediveal square. The morphologi of the mediveal square is studied in six part: 1) The market square as a broadening of the main street. 2) The market square as a lateral expansion of the main street. 3) the square at the town gate. 4) The square as the center of the town. 5) The Parvis.6) Grouped squares. Renaissance period third part of the chapter containes specific Italien, French, German theories and Utopian, charakteristic solutions in Italy, in central and northern Europe and spatial concepts in Spain and America. Renaissance period of the historical development plays an important role of emerging theories in city planning, which define the main difference between medival and this period. Especially Italien theoreticians such as L.B. Alberti, Filarete and Pietro Cateneo believed firmly that human life could be rationalized by philosophical and logical schemes. Therefore rational ideas were primarily emphasized in the plans of ideal cities and a new spatial concept was only secondarily decisive for these plans, which containes always a central square in. Actually renaissance designers were original in their concepts, there was not any direct influence of antiquaty period. In this period one can not speak of any specific proportions or relations of dimensions of the squares but some common tendencies of the Italian squares defines the followings: 1) Spatial unity. 2) The frequent using of arcades to connect architectural structures. 3) The employment of monuments, fountaines, etc. for organizing the space of the square. Because Italy has a great significance of the development of spatial organization also in baroque time its charakteristic solutions are chosen to express the spatial concept of this period. It can be accepted that dramatization and suggestion of movement are the characteristics of the baroque style. In respect of contributions of baroque concept of dynamic motion the Piazza Campidoglio, St. Peter's Square and the Piazza di Spagna are studied more in detail than the others. Although the border line between baroque and classicism period is fluid it can be mentioned that classicistic solutions became more numerous when the trend toward thinking in rational and academic concept increased. The intensity of Italian classicistic concept is different fom the French concept, which had the exclusive rule. Therefore in this period like in baroque Italian examples are expressed primarily. The employment of various architectural elements with greenery indicates the romantic sentiments of the period. In Classicistic period the idea of continuous motion still exist but dramatic movement has completely disappeared. The sixth part comprises French examples from the 17th to 19th century, in which baroque and classicistic styles prevailed. France is the second important country in these centuries, where the serious game of space was played. France is also important in the development of place royales: mathematically regular layout, complete or nearly complete continuity of the surrounded facades, uniformity of these facades or repetiation of basic type. Except Italy everywhere teoritical and aesthetic thinking based on Palladian and Vitruvian concept from 17th to 19th century. In Italy esspecially Bernini created examples of this period, which the climax of the baroque concept identifed with. Also the French concept, which indicates a rigid formalism and strict regularity was accepted and copied in the scheme of place royals. The noteworthy squares outside these countries were executed in England and Germany. English squares from the 17th to 19th century have XIplayed an important role of emerging concept of nature in squares. The spatial concept of English garden-squares are expressed in the seventh part with some examples in Bloomsbury, Bath and Londra. The last part containes the spatial concept of the East. In antiquity in Egypt, India and Mesopotamia did not provide political, social and psychological conditions to create the need for gathering place. For the other period it can be mentioned that generali conditions and psychological attitudes of West and East differ fundamentally. Because of this the spatial concepts of the East entirely different from the West. In the Oriental architecture open areas were planned within the complex of a mosque or madrasa, which can be compare only with cloisters or courtyard of medieval castles. This part includes also some informations about Maidan-i-Shah in Isfahan one of the very rare examples in Orient. In this last part the Turkish cities are described as well to show non- existing of a public square in the urban structure. Gardens of a mosque or within the complex of a mosque can be defined gathering places for Turkish people. It is important to realize that while the commercial life in West existed in open areas called market square, in Turkish town the central market located near to the castle of the city were arranged with covered streets, khans, and a hammam. The mosque another cardinal element of a town was located close to market. The second chapter composes of the analysis of spatial evolution and effective conditions in this development of spatial structure. There are two kinds of development of the individual square within a town: 1) Organically and gradually out of certain existing conditions. 2) With a planning concept. Two factors which affected the period of spatial organization are determined as the followings: 1) The climatic conditions and psychological attitudes of the sociaty. 2) Market squares and commercial life. Chapter Three containes psychical structure and features of the squares such as the size of the square, the relation between the square and the street and geometrically analyses of the space of the square. A square as a three-dimensional expansion means a structurel organization and based on definite factors: 1) On the relation between the surrounding buildings. 2) On their uniformity or their variety. 3) On the relationship of the dimensions of the open space to their dimensions and proportions. 4) On the angle of entering streets. 5) On the location of monuments, fountains etc. In the part of related to size of the square some proportions which define the relation between the heigts of surrounding buildings and the width and length of the open area are explained for four size: 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/6. Between the sizes of 1/3-1/6 which the ratio of the heigt of building to the open area provides optimal conditions for the size of a square. The ratios after 1/6 can not create a proper size of a square. In order to protecting squares from the effect of the trafic three solutions are conveyed by showing with drawings: xn1) One side of the square besides to the street. 2) At the crossroad. 3) Between two crossroads. Rob Krier's analyses are used in the part of related to the geometric form of the open area: rectangular, circular and thriangular. These geometric forms may be twisted, divided, added to others, penetrated, overlapped or alienated. Chapter Four called social structure of the square presents the inner life of the squares. The human activities in the squares are explained and their role in the reflecting the social life of the cities are evaluated according to these activities. Esspecially squares are important in providing positions for, participation, comminication, social experience and so preservation of culture. They can generate a sense of belonging to the place. This chapter accentuates their role in communication and in indication of transformation of sociaties and cities. They render also possible spectator to feel historical period. In the fifth chapter the spatiality and spatial radiance of buildings, which define the structurel organization are studied because of their importances of the establishing a stage for spatial experiences and perceptions. When several objects are grouped, the spatial radiance of objects are superimposed. This superimposition of the fields of radiance creates a field as a result, which gives a new structure. In this part two examples, combining three volumes, are given to describe the fields between objects. In the first layout the fields are co-ordinated and emerging space between objects are well-defined. The second layout causes conflicting fields. In this chapter also St. Mark's Square is chosen to define spatial radiance of buildings in an urban square. Today, urban public squares are faced with serious problems. Therefore, they have losed spatial and social meaning. Various reasons caused these problems: 1) The reasons based on planning principles. 2) The need for place of increasing trafic. 3) Planning of pedestrian streets and places. 4) Transformation of commercial life. 5) The privatization of public realms. 6) The period of technological development. The sixth chapter is composed of which is explained above and also evaluation of reviver approaches and new squares such as Piazza dTtalia (New Orleans) designed by Charles Moor and the project of Leinfelden (Stuttgart) planned by Rob Krier. In the seventh chapter the need for public squares in our sociaty is evaluated and the project of Üsküdar Plaza, which is aimed to answer our social needs, analysed in their spatial charakteristics and in spatiality of surrounding buildings. The radiances of the buildings in situation of today and of the buildings in the project are determined separately. The first analysis revealed that the buildings do not define a spatial organization, whereas the new designing concept define a structural organization and spatial borders. XlllThe last chapter emphasizes again the significance of the squares and questiones whether it is possible to maintain squares, which provide spaces for human communication and interaction, in a period of mass media's anti-urban culture. According to conditions of today we need to define squares in a new urban structure and in a new social form of the public because of transformation. It must be questioned for what kind of forms and systems of public and for what kind of contemporary function they can be planned or revived. Furthermore, researches relevant to users of the public squares must be more extensive for the purpose of the determining of patterns and limits of the users' behaviour. It can be also accentuated that users should direct participate in determining planning policies of the urban squares. Also relevant to identifying spatial elements which initiate sociability of squares requires researches of important historical examples and of new instances. Consequently, urban public squares, which provide a proper setting for mass culture are the most important spatial elements of cities. In the conditions of today they need to be defined in new contemporary social functions and in a new social form of public. xiv
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