Uluslararası bankacılık açısından K.K.T.C. bankacılık sektörünün analizi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 71781
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. İLHAN ULUDAĞ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bankacılık, Banking
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Marmara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Bankacılık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 97
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY OF THESIS International Trade is the exchange of goods and services among residents of different countries. Countries can not work alone because each country tends to specialize in the production of any product and each country produce their product / products more cheply than other countries. In order to this countries are doing trade. But world countries economic positions, geographic positions,politics, markets and others which likes these are different.At the and of this we see different applications in foreign trade.“Turkish Republic Of Nothern Cyprus Banking Analysis About International Banking”work have four parts ; Foreign Trade »International Banking, Free Zone, Economy Of Turkish Republic of Nothern Cyprus and Conclusion. Foreign Trade is the first part of this work. It explains to us ; 1. Payment Conditions of Export : There are five conditions of payment ;. Advance Payments and Prefinancing : This means that pruduct price to go - between the buyer's bank is to pay to the seller. When seller will take price of product he / she send then- product to the buyer.. Payment Against Goods : This payment type is the credit payment type. In this ; exporter firstly send their products and documents, after this importer take their products and will pay these to the exporter.. Payment Against Document : In this payment type seller load to the product.After this seller or a bank ( At there bank is the mediator.) send the documents the buyers bank. When buyer was sending the prudcts price to the seller,buyers bank will give the documentsto the buyer.. Consignment Account :In this payment type exporter send products to the importer. If importer buys the products, exporter will take a products price to the importer. This means that importer pays the products price to the exporter that Consumers were bought exporter's products.. Commercial Letter Of Credit : A Letter of Credit is a written udertairing from a bank that it will pay the buyer, so long as he/she meets the conditions of the credit. The procedure for a letter of credit begins with the completition of the contract when the buyer goes to a local bank and arranges for the issuance of a letter of credit ; the buyers bank then notifies its correspondent bank in the seller's country that the letter has been issued.After meeting the requirements set forth in the letter of credit, the seller can draw a draft against the credit for payment of the goods. The precise conditions of the letter of credit are detailed in it and usually also require presentation of certain documents with the draft before the correspondent bank will honor it. There are many types of leter of credits.These are ; 1. Revocable Letter of Credit, 2.Irrevocable Letter of Credit, 3. Unconfirmed Letter of Credit, 4. Confirmed Letter of Credit, 5.Revolving Letter of Credit, o.Fixed Letter of Credit, 7.Transferable Letter of Credit, 8.Back to Back Loans, 9.Stand By Letter of Credit, lO.Red Clause Letter of Credit, 1 1. Green Clause Letter of Credit. 2.Shipping Terms Of Foreign Trade : There are fourteen shipping terms.These are ; l.Ex - Works, 2.FCA-( Free Carrier), 3.FCR-( Free Carrier), 4.CPT - ( Carriage Paid to Named Place Of Destination ), 5.CIP - ( Carrige and Insurance Paid to Named Place ), 6.DDU - ( Delivered Duty Unpaid ), 7.DDP - ( Delivered Duty Paid ), 8.DAF- ( Delivered Duty at Prontier ),9.FAS - ( Free Alongside Ship ), 10.FOB - ( Free on Board ), 1 l.DES - ( Delivered Ex - Ship ), 12.DEQ - ( Delivered Ex - Quay Duty Paid ), 13.CFR - ( Cost and Freight ), 14. OF - ( Cost, Insurance and Freight ), International Banking is the second part of this work.It explains to us ; Procedures Of International BnaMng : There are ten procedures of international banking. These are ; 1. Spot- Spot is the excange of two currencies takes place two working days ahead of the deal date. 2.Forward : A forward is the exchnage contract that is a commitment by both parties to the contract to exchange a fixed amount of one currency for a fixed amount of the counter currency at a given time in the future. 3. Swap : Swap is much like a forward contract in that it guarantees the exchange of two items of value between counterparties at some time in the future. Interest Rate Swap and Currency Swap are two types of swap. 4.Arbitrage : Arbitrage is the simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign currencies for the sake of profit. Profitable arbitrage opportunities arise either because the price of one currency in terms of another differs from one financial center to another. There are three types of arbitrage ;. Two - Point Arbitrage involves two currencies only.. Three - Point Arbitrage involves three cureencies.. Many - Currency Arbitrage involving four,five or more currencies.5. Factoring : Factoring is a short - term financing mechanism under which a third party provides immediate cash against a company's outstanding acounts receivable ; in effect it is a form of invoice discounting. In return, the factor charges the seller interest on the advanced portion of the receivable as well as a discount on the face amount of invoice.Under this arrangement, the seller maintains liquidity and the buyer avoids the expense of having to open a letter of credit. Consequently, factoring in international trade finance is largely directed to short - term open account trading between nonrelated companies. Since it is regarded as a very expensive and risky method of short-term financing. ö.Forfaiting : Forfeiting uses uses free market funds to provide fixed - rate supplier credits for project financing of capital goods exports, divided with six months or six year payment periods.There are four parties in the forfaiting ; the importer, exporter, guaranteeing bank, and the forfaiter. 7.Leasing : A lease is a contract between yhe owner of an asset, called the lessor, and another party,called the lesee, who makes peridic payents to the owner for the right to use the asset. There are two main types of leasing ;. Operating Lease : Operating Lease is a short - term lease. A long - term lease which allows the lesee to cancel the lease at any time is also referred to as an opereting lease.. Financial Lease : A financial lease involves an intermediate or long - term commitment by the lessor and the lessee. 8. Futures : Futures contracts are standardized contracts that trade on organized futures markets.Because contract sizes and maturities are standardized, all participants in the market are familiar with the types of contracts available,and trading is faciliated. There are three types of futures contracts ; 1. Foreign Exchange Futures Contracts, 2.1nterest Rate Futures Contracts, 3. Index Futures Contracts. 9.0ptions : Options are available both over the counter and on traded markets. For example (Foreign Currency Options);A foreign Currency option gives the buyer to the right, but not the obligation, to undertake a particular exchange rate transaction at some time in the future.The seller of the option, therefore, gains none of the rights, but accepts all of the obligations. In return, the seller will expect a fee. The amount of the option and the maturity date can be chosen by the buyer. There are four types of options ; l.Buy Option, 2.Put Option, 3. American Type Options, 4.European Type Options. lO.Country Risk : When one company or an establishment borrowing money and take the credit on international investments, foreign countries look for the companies or establishments politic, economic, and other positions that like these. Free Zone is the third part of this work.It explain to us free - zone and off- shore banking; l.Free Zone : Free Zone is the independent part of some countries. These regions are indepenet for economic and tarrif procedures and near to the international harbours and airports. There are two types of Free Zones ; : *l.Open Free Zones, 2.Closed Free Zones. 2.0ff- Shore Banking : Off - Shore banking means that banks are who works for nonresident clients that take funds for offshore financial centers to foreign countries. These banks investors are nonresident investors. There are three types of off- shore banking centers ; 1. International Centers, 2.Regonal Centers, 3. Booking Centers. Last part is the "Economy of Turkish Republic of Northern Cypras'Ut explains us forign economic relations and banking in Turkish Republic of Notrhern Cyprus. 1. Foreign Economic Relations : When we look first four months in 1997, we saw increasing for foreign trade volume. In 1996 (first four months) trade volume is 130 million U.S.dolars, in 1997 it increases to 140.9 million U.S.dolars. 2.Banking In Turkish Republic Northern Cpyrus : T.R..N.C. have a capacity to off- shore banks and on shore - banks. Now there are 65 banks works in T.R.N.C. 31of these banks are on - shore and last these are 38 off- shore banks. On - Shore banks needs 50 thousand million Turkish Liras capital and off- sore Banks needs 500,000 U.S.dollars capital to establish.
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